BackgroundWe have previously shown the high prevalence of oral anti-human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) antibodies in women with HPV-associated cervical neoplasia. It was postulated that the HPV antibodies were initiated after HPV antigenic stimulation at the cervix via the common mucosal immune system. The present study aimed to further evaluate the effectiveness of oral fluid testing for detecting the mucosal humoral response to HPV infection and to advance our limited understanding of the immune response to HPV.MethodsThe prevalence of oral HPV infection and oral antibodies to HPV types 16, 18 and 11 was determined in a normal, healthy population of children, adolescents and adults, both male and female, attending a dental clinic. HPV types in buccal cells were determined by DNA sequencing. Oral fluid was collected from the gingival crevice of the mouth by the OraSure method. HPV-16, HPV-18 and HPV-11 antibodies in oral fluid were detected by virus-like particle-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. As a reference group 44 women with cervical neoplasia were included in the study.ResultsOral HPV infection was highest in children (9/114, 7.9%), followed by adolescents (4/78, 5.1%), and lowest in normal adults (4/116, 3.5%). The predominant HPV type found was HPV-13 (7/22, 31.8%) followed by HPV-32 (5/22, 22.7%). The prevalence of oral antibodies to HPV-16, HPV-18 and HPV-11 was low in children and increased substantially in adolescents and normal adults. Oral HPV-16 IgA was significantly more prevalent in women with cervical neoplasia (30/44, 68.2%) than the women from the dental clinic (18/69, 26.1% P = 0.0001). Significantly more adult men than women displayed oral HPV-16 IgA (30/47 compared with 18/69, OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.09–12.1, P < 0.001) and HPV-18 IgA (17/47 compared with 13/69, OR 2.4, 95% CI 0.97–6.2, P = 0.04).ConclusionThe increased prevalence of oral HPV antibodies in adolescent individuals compared with children was attributed to the onset of sexual activity. The increased prevalence of oral anti-HPV IgA in men compared with women was noteworthy considering reportedly fewer men than women make serum antibodies, and warrants further investigation.
Crouzon craniostenosis [MIM 123500], is identified on the basis of the additional phenotypical manifestations of acanthosis nigricans, vertebral changes and cementomas of the jaws. Choanal atresia and hydrocephalus are other features. The molecular defect in CDSS is a point mutation in the FGFR3 gene on chromosome 4p, whereas, the mutation in the Crouzon syndrome is in the FGFR2 gene at 10q25.3-26.An affected girl aged 2 years presented at the UWC dental genetics unit with a prior diagnosis of Crouzon syndrome. Choanal atresia had necessitated a permanent tracheostomy, and hydrocephalus was managed by a shunt operation. Clinical examination revealed acanthosis nigricans in the axilliary regions, a diagnosis confirmed by a biopsy of the lesion. Eruption of the primary dentition was delayed with only six out of twenty teeth present. Radiographic examination conducted shortly after birth revealed the presence of several tooth buds in both the maxillae and the mandible. The delayed eruption of the teeth will be of significance in future orthodontic and maxillofacial measures for the improvement of the patient's facial Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome (CDSS) was separated from the classical appearance. Molecular investigations in the girl and her parents are underway. If the specific mutation in FGFR3 is observed, a positive diagnosis of CDSS will be confirmed and the status of her parents and other family members will be determined. On this basis, appropriate genetic management can be offered to the kindred.
BACKGROUND The increase in the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated complications is proving burdensome to the South African (SA) health system. Understanding the role of comorbid diseases, such as periodontal disease (PD) and their effect on metabolic control in DM patients in SA will raise awareness to the importance of periodontal interventions in DM patients in SA. OBJECTIVE The aim of the review will be to determine how metabolic control of DM is affected by PD in a South African (SA) population. METHODS We will conduct a systematic review of the relationship between Periodontal disease and metabolic control in T2DM patients in a South African population. Cohort, cross-sectional and case-controlled studies will be considered in which the outcomes of interest are pre-specified. We will search the following sources; Google Scholar, EbscoHost, Science Direct, and National ETD Portal SA Theses and Dissertations for articles published in English. There will be no limit placed on the date of the publication. The reference list of articles will be reviewed for further inclusion of key articles. Two independent reviewers will do study selection, data extraction and quality analysis. All disputes will be resolved by discussion, and the full team will verify final decisions. RESULTS The systematic review protocol has been registered PROSPERO. A preliminary search was conducted using defined keywords. The review process should be completed by June 2021. CONCLUSIONS The review will determine periodontal disease’s effect on metabolic control in Type II DM in South Africa. In the process, the feasibility for future research in this area of interest will be defined. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO CRD42020221064
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