The aim of this review was to identify the scientific data from 1990 onwards upon which Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for phosphorus, sodium and chloride may potentially be based. Searches were performed in PubMed (all nutrients) and Cochrane Library (phosphorus). References were checked for relevance and study quality was appraised. For phosphorus, 21 articles were included in the review. Four articles described the association between phosphorus and intermediate health markers and seventeen articles described the association between phosphorus intake or blood concentrations and health outcomes (i.e. bone health, cancer, hypertension, muscle mass, cardiovascular diseases and kidney disease). For sodium and chloride, 23 articles were included. Eleven studies described the association between dietary intake of sodium in relation to urinary excretion or plasma/serum sodium concentration. Fourteen studies described the association between sodium and intermediate health markers (renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system, cholesterol concentrations) and four studies described the associations between sodium and insulin resistance. One article described the association between blood levels of chloride and mortality. Results indicate that phosphorus homeostasis is regulated by the hormones PTH, FGF-23 and 1,25(OH)2D that react on short term changes in phosphorus intake. Inconsistent evidence was found for the association of phosphorus intake and cancer types, but positive associations were found between serum inorganic phosphorus levels and mortality from cardiovascular causes, incident cardiovascular disease, heart failure and coronary artery calcification. Maternal intake of phosphorus may affect bone mineral status in the infant, but results are inconclusive. The review on sodium chloride showed that sodium restriction increases activity of the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system, whereas HDL or triglyceride concentrations are not affected. Associations between intake and most health-related outcomes appear to be inconsistent. Prospective cohort data show that low sodium intakes may be associated with increased mortality. Effects of sodium restriction may be modified by race-ethnicity and salt-sensitivity status. KEY WORDSphosphorus, sodium, chloride, comprehensive literature review, Dietary Reference Values (DRVs), dietary requirements, health outcomes DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the a...
Particle losses much larger than given by the equilibrium theory have always been observed in the low-density range of thermally ionized magnetoplasmas in a Q-device. This could be attributed either to anomalous radial losses or to enhanced end-plate recombination. Our previous experiments with Ba in “narrow-beam illumination” and quiescent state have indicated an enhanced surface recombination rather than anomalous diffusion to be responsible for the additional losses.In this paper, a series of results with Cs, Ba, Sr, and Li plasmas is presented and compared with the theory of Part I, which deals with enhanced surface recombination. It is found that the intrinsic loss processes are surface recombination - as described in Part I - and classical diffusion. Additionally, enhanced losses across the magnetic field may occur, e.g. in a non-quiescent state, or in the presence of azimuthal temperature gradients on the end plates in broad-beam illumination.
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