The growth of Hull as a British port at the time of William Wilberforce (1759–1833) saw the construction of docks and dock bridges similar to those in London, Plymouth and Liverpool. These structures now form an essential part of Britain's heritage and are rightly protected under listed buildings and conservation regulations. However, they remain at risk, especially if left unused. For several years, Hull City Council has been developing a conservation policy for its nine listed bridges and a comprehensive historical audit was thus required. This paper looks back into the history of Hull Docks and the development of cast-iron swing bridges between 1800 and 1850. The paper describes the design of Hull's cast-iron Wellington Street Swing Bridge as part of a scheme for restoration of the bridge to working order. When the bridge was originally built, it would have been required to carry horse-drawn traffic that would probably have weighed no more than 5 t in total and carried commodities at walking pace, thus minimising the impact factor. Its new role, to stimulate community living and regeneration, is to offer pedestrian and cycle use with occasional use by vehicles weighing up to 7·5 t. The original bridge design may have been based on a three-pinned arch, although this is just speculation. The recent design by consulting engineer Pell Frischmann considered the bridge's articulation; this is described together with other parameters that influenced analysis of the cast-iron structure.
The paper will discuss a pilot program conducted in the Seattle area. The program has shown that Coast Guard monitoring of significant bulk petroleum transfers has a positive effect on the prevention of intentional and accidental discharges. The six month study placed Coast Guard personnel at the site of 90% of the major transfer operations occurring in the Puget Sound area. The monitors observed transfer operations to insure that all applicable regulations were being observed. The pilot program had a beneficial impact on both the Coast Guard and the industry. Coast Guard personnel were able to develop expertise in petroleum transfer techniques and related environmental concerns involving the Coast Guard. The resulting degree of professionalism favorably affected other areas of Coast Guard involvement in waterfront activities and provided a closer relationship with industry and a mutual appreciation of responsibilities. A marked decline in unknown source discharges indicated that monitoring was also effective in educating owners and operators of responsibilities in reporting discharges under the FW PCA, as amended. The major benefit to industry was the assurance that its personnel were observing proper transfer procedures. In addition, training needs were more easily established, and the effectiveness of company training programs evaluated. Finally, employee morale improved with the realization of the importance and responsibility of their jobs. The paper discusses the establishment of a monitoring program nationwide. Insights gained in the Seattle effort will be related to the implementation of an effective discharge prevention program with a minimal burden on industry.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.