In this study, the levels and status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residues in fish samples collected from Eastern Lake Tanganyika were investigated. The analytes were determined using gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compounds p,p'-DDE (4,4'-DDE), p,p'-DDD (4,4'-DDD), o,p'-DDT (2,4'-DDT) and p,p'-DDT (4,4'-DDT) were detected in all the samples, with total DDT concentrations ranging from 23 ± 8.3 to 339 ± 27 µg kg-1 fresh weight and 1736 ± 1388 µg kg-1 to 25 552 ± 4241 µg kg-1 lipid weight. The highest concentrations of total DDT were detected in Lates stappersii species. The ratios of the metabolites (DDD + DDE) to the parent compound (p,p'-DDT) were low (< 1) in all the fish samples, indicating exposure to fresh DDT. The concentrations of the DDT residues exceeded the extraneous maximum residue limit of 1.0 µg kg-1 , indicating risks and concerns for public health and the environment because of the indication of fresh application of banned pesticides and bioaccumulation. There is need for continued monitoring of the residues in Lake Tanganyika environs and controlling the pesticides used in the area.
Fish provide important protein to human population. The procedures to preserve and maintain quality of fish from fishing until consumption can play a role in contamination with pathogens. Consumption of contaminated sea food products such as fish may lead to food poisoning. Knowledge about the spectrum of fish bacterial contaminants may assist in prevention of contamination and control food poisoning incidences. The present study aimed at characterizing and estimating prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from landing sites in Unguja Island. A total of 400 Indian Mackerel Fish were collected from landing sites in Unguja Island and from each fish two samples, skin swab and muscle, were collected. The primary culture was obtained from Mannitol salt agar, Nutrient and Blood agar followed by Gram staining, catalase coagulase tests. PCR targeting 16S rRNA, nuc, mecA, pvl, spa and enterotoxin genes was run to genetically characterize isolates and identify S. aureus. The result indicates that there was growth of bacteria in 359 (89.75%) fish skin swabs and 102 (25.5%) in fish muscle samples. Based on biochemical tests, 27 isolates (6.75%) were confirmed to be Staphylococcus bacteria. Of the 27 isolates, seven (1.75%) were confirmed S. aureus based on PCR. All 27 isolates confirmed to be positive in 16Sr RNA gene, two isolates demonstrated mecA gene and one had SEB and SEC. Detection of S. aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish at landing sites poses a contamination risk to other critical points along the value chain and threatens public health
Fish provide important protein to human population. The procedures to preserve and maintain quality of fish from fishing until consumption can play a role in contamination with pathogens. Consumption of contaminated sea food products such as fish may lead to food poisoning. Knowledge about the spectrum of fish bacterial contaminants may assist in prevention of contamination and control food poisoning incidences. The present study aimed at characterizing and estimating prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from landing sites in Unguja Island. A total of 400 Indian Mackerel Fish were collected from landing sites in Unguja Island and from each fish two samples, skin swab and muscle, were collected. The primary culture was obtained from Mannitol salt agar, Nutrient and Blood agar followed by Gram staining, catalase coagulase tests. PCR targeting 16S rRNA, nuc, mecA, pvl, spa and enterotoxin genes was run to genetically characterize isolates and identify S. aureus. The result indicates that there was growth of bacteria in 359 (89.75%) fish skin swabs and 102 (25.5%) in fish muscle samples. Based on biochemical tests, 27 isolates (6.75%) were confirmed to be Staphylococcus bacteria. Of the 27 isolates, seven (1.75%) were confirmed S. aureus based on PCR. All 27 isolates confirmed to be positive in 16Sr RNA gene, two isolates demonstrated mecA gene and one had SEB and SEC. Detection of S. aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish at landing sites poses a contamination risk to other critical points along the value chain and threatens public health
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