Citation: Cornelissen, Katri, Bester, Andre, Cairns, Paul, Tovee, Martin and Cornelissen, Piers (2015) The influence of personal BMI on body size estimations and sensitivity to body size change in anorexia spectrum disorders. Body Image, 13. pp. 75-85. ISSN 1873-6807 Published by: Elsevier Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University's research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher's website (a subscription may be required.)The influence of personal BMI on body size estimations and sensitivity to body size change in anorexia spectrum disorders 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Body size estimation in anorexia spectrum disorders 1 AbstractIn this cross-sectional study, we investigated the influence of personal BMI on body size estimation in 42 women who have symptoms of anorexia (referred to henceforth as anorexia spectrum disorders, ANSD), and 100 healthy controls. Low BMI control participants over-estimate their size and high BMI controls under-estimate, a pattern which is predicted by a perceptual phenomenon called contraction bias. In addition, control participants' sensitivity to size change declines as their BMI increases as predicted byWeber's law. The responses of women with ANSD are very different. Low BMI participants who have ANSD are extremely accurate at estimating body size and are very sensitive to changes in body size in this BMI range. However, as BMI rises in the ANSD participant group, there is a rapid increase in over-estimation concurrent with a rapid decline in sensitivity to size change. We discuss the results in the context of signal detection theory.
SUMMARY Restriction endonuclease analysis of specific gene sequences is proving to be a valuable technique for characterisation and diagnosis of inherited disorders. This paper describes detailed protocols for isolation, restriction, and blot hybridisation of genomic DNA. Problems and alternatives in the procedure are discussed and a troubleshooting guide has been provided to help rectify faults.The development of techniques for the cloning1 and analysis2 of genes from complex organisms laid the foundation for the study of mutant genes associated with human inherited disorders. DNA from a person can now be cleaved into fragments of defined length by restriction endonucleases. The fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis, blotted onto filters,2 and incubated with radioactively labelled gene specific probes. These probes, obtained by molecular cloning techniques, are isolated and characterised DNA sequences which will associate specifically with homologous genomic DNA sequences on the filter. Thus, only fragments containing part or all of the gene of interest will be detected. This new recombinant DNA technology was rapidly applied to the molecular characterisation and antenatal diagnosis of the haemoglobinopathies and thalassaemia.3-7 As cloning techniques have become more sophisticated, the number of purified, cloned human genes has proliferated to the extent that a recently published list8 is already out of date. A considerable number of genetic diseases are therefore amenable to DNA analysis, and the use of linked restriction fragment length polymorphisms9 10 has further extended the applicability of the technique.These advances have brought DNA analysis within the scope of the clinical geneticist, and the techniques will ultimately become part of the routine service provided by human genetics departments. DNA blotting and molecular hybridisation
SUMMARYAim: To determine efficacy and safety of intravenous micafungin vs. intravenous fluconazole in the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis. Methods: A total of 523 patients ‡16 years with documented oesophageal candidiasis were randomized (1:1) in this controlled, non-inferiority study to receive either micafungin (150 mg/day) or fluconazole (200 mg/day). Response was evaluated clinically and endoscopically. Post-treatment assessments were performed at 2 and 4 weeks after discontinuation of therapy. Results: Median duration of therapy was 14 days. For the primary end-point of endoscopic cure, treatment difference was )0.3% (micafungin 87.7%, fluconazole 88.0%). Documented persistent invasive disease at the end of therapy was reported in 2.7% and 3.9% of patients, respectively. Both 84.8% of micafungin and 88.7% of fluconazole patients remained recurrence free at 4-weeks post-treatment. The overall therapeutic response rate was 87.3% for micafungin and 87.2% for fluconazole. The incidence of drug-related adverse events was 27.7% for micafungin and 21.3% for fluconazole. Six (2.3%) micafungin-and two (0.8%) fluconazole-treated patients discontinued therapy; rash was the most common event leading to discontinuation. Conclusion: Intravenous micafungin (150 mg daily) is well tolerated and as efficacious as intravenous fluconazole (200 mg daily) in the primary treatment of oesophageal candidiasis, achieving high rates of clinical and endoscopic cure.
Nemonoxacin, a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo activities against community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) pathogens, including multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Patients with mild to moderate CAP (n ؍ 265) were randomized to receive oral nemonoxacin (750 mg or 500 mg) or levofloxacin (500 mg) once daily for 7 days. Clinical responses were determined at the test-of-cure visit in intent-to-treat (ITT), clinical per protocol (PPc), evaluable-ITT, and evaluable-PPc populations. The clinical cure rates for 750 mg nemonoxacin, 500 mg nemonoxacin, and levofloxacin were 89.9%, 87.0%, and 91.1%, respectively, in the evaluable-ITT population; 91.7%, 87.7%, and 90.3%, respectively, in the evaluable-PPc population; 82.6%, 75.3%, and 80.0%, respectively, in the ITT population; and 83.5%, 78.0%, and 82.3%, respectively, in the PPc population. Noninferiority to levofloxacin was demonstrated in both the 750-mg and 500-mg nemonoxacin groups for the evaluable-ITT and evaluable-PPc populations, and also in the 750 mg nemonoxacin group for the ITT and PPc populations. Overall bacteriological success rates were high for all treatment groups in the evaluable-bacteriological ITT population (90.2% in the 750 mg nemonoxacin group, 84.8% in the 500 mg nemonoxacin group, and 92.0% in the levofloxacin group). All three treatments were well tolerated, and no drug-related serious adverse events were observed. Overall, oral nemonoxacin (both 750 mg and 500 mg) administered for 7 days resulted in high clinical and bacteriological success rates in CAP patients. Further, good tolerability and excellent activity against common causative pathogens were demonstrated. Nemonoxacin (750 mg and 500 mg) once daily is as effective and safe as levofloxacin (500 mg) once daily for the treatment of CAP.
Background. The rate of recurrent tuberculosis disease due to reinfection, compared with the incidence of new tuberculosis, in those with and without HIV infection is not known.Methods. In a retrospective cohort study of South African gold miners, men with known dates of seroconversion to HIV (from 1991 to 1997) and HIV-negative men were followed up to 2004. Rates of tuberculosis recurrence 12 years after the first episode were used as a proxy for reinfection disease rates.Results. Among 342 HIV-positive and 321 HIV-negative men who had had у1 previous episode of tuberculosis, rates of recurrence were 19.7 cases per 100 person-years at risk (PYAR; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.4-23.7) and 7.7 cases per 100 PYAR (95% CI, 6.1-9.8), respectively. The recurrence rate did not vary by duration of HIV infection. Recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis rates 12 years after the first episode were 24.4 cases per 100 PYAR (95% CI, 17.2-34.8) in HIV-positive men and 4.3 cases per 100 PYAR (95% CI, 2.2-8.3) in HIV-negative men, compared with incidence rates of new pulmonary tuberculosis of 3.7 cases per 100 PYAR (95% CI, 3.3-4.1) in HIV-positive men and 0.75 cases per 100 PYAR (95% CI, 0.67-0.84) in HIV-negative men in the same cohort.Conclusions. Tuberculosis recurrence rates, likely due to reinfection, were much higher than incidence rates. The findings suggest heterogeneity in susceptibility, implying that a vaccine could still provide useful protection in the population and strengthening the case for secondary preventive therapy.
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