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Intestinal ischemia in the COVID-19 era To the editor From the end of December, the world is facing the threat of a new zoonosis caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) which gave rise to a pandemic which is currently ongoing. The Bergamo province has been one of the most affected regions worldwide with an increase in the mortality rate in the first trimester of 2020 of + 568% [1] if compared with the first trimester of the previous four years (2015-2019). Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital was the most affected structure with over 20 0 0 admission for COVID-19 to date [2]. We describe a case of fatal intestinal infarction whit a difficult diagnosis, which was made possible throughout by using innovative technique. A 62-year-old unconscious man was admitted to the Emergency Department of Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital (Bergamo, Italy) with severe hypotension during the month of April 2020. The recent medical history reported by phone from his wife included three days of abdominal pain and bilious vomiting. The patient's main comorbidities were obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 and hepatic cirrhosis (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis + hepatitis B). Blood tests revealed an increase in the blood

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Objectives: The aim of this review was to evaluate possible common pathogenic pathways and risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontitis. Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE-PubMed research was conducted. Results: The pathogenesis of both diseases is multi-factorial leading to a substantial defect of the mucosal barrier, deregulation of the immune response and chronic inflammation of the mucosa. Environmental factors, particularly bacteria, are key factors in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Genetic predisposition is a key factor in the IBD pathogenesis, while a clear role of genetics in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is still unclear. The immune response in IBD is mediated by T lymphocytes as a consequence of a genetic trait associated with T-cell deregulation. On the other hand, in periodontitis plasma cells and lymphocytes are the predominant cells in the chronic inflammatory lesion, with the presence of B cells being proportionally larger than T cells. Conclusion: IBD and periodontitis share several factors in their aetiology and pathogenesis, although they also have distinct characteristics.

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