The essential part of the SET electrometer is the so-called SET transistor which consists of two serially coupled SET junctions driven by an external voltage. An external charge is influenced on the island between the two junctions. Furthermore, the influence of the electromagnetic environment is modelled by an additional impedance in the circuit. Using as well the two-state as the three-state approach, the mean-current through the double-junction, the shot-noise parameters and the charge sensitivity are calculated as a function of the driving voltage and the external charge on the island.
The attempts to describe the behavior of the gluon propagator and quark propagator by using truncated Schwinger-Dyson equations and Slavnov-Taylor identities are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the problem of infrared behavior of Green’s functions. The most important attempts to calculate the gluon propagator using the axial as well as the covariant gauge are critically discussed. Furthermore, an approach concerning the gluon propagator is presented, with the background-field method as its basis. All the calculations confirm more or less the existence of an infrared singularity in the gluon propagator of the form q−4 in momentum space. The calculations to determine the behavior of the dynamical mass function of quarks, where the results concerning the gluon propagator are taken into account, show that chiral symmetry is dynamically broken. Furthermore, it turns out that there is no polelike singularity in the quark propagator. These results agree with the expectations from the confinement philosophy.
As an alternative to the shadow evaporation method for the preparation of ultrasmall tunnel junctions we have established the so-called self-aligned in-line technique. It was applied to the fabrication of common Al/AlO,/Al-type and, for the first time, Nb/AIO,/Nb-based single-electron transistors. The characterization of the samples at temperatures in the range of a few hundred millikelvins reveals charging effects (Coulomb blockade and gate modulation) of the quasiparticle current.
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