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Abstract. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was used to obtain cytologic specimens from all lung lobes of 9 normal Beagle dogs. Three specimen collection techniques (bronchial lavage, bronchial brushing and bronchial pinch biopsy imprints) and two staining procedures (WrightGiemsa and Papanicolaou) were used and evaluated. Bronchial lavage was the most satisfactory technique for collection of samples from the deep lung and bronchial brushings were preferred for potential bronchial tree mural lesions. Wright-Giernsa was the stain of choice because mast cells could not be identified and eosinophilic leukocytes could be identified only with difficulty in Papanicolaou stained specimens. Total and differential cell counts were determined on all bronchial lavages from all lung lobes in order to establish baseline reference values. Total nucleated cell counts ranged from 260-1200/JLl. There were no significant differences among mean total nucleated cell counts for the different lung lobes. Mean total nucleated cell counts were between 420 and 630 cells/st. Approximately 95% of all nucleated cells in normal lavages were undifferentiated alveolar macrophages. Most of the other cells seen were neutrophils, eosinophils, possible globule leukocytes and mast cells. Ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells comprised less than I% of the total nucleated cell population.Cytologic evaluation of tracheobronchial secretions of man was first described in the mid-19th century [6]. The technique gained acceptance as a diagnostic procedure in 1887 when cytologic evaluation of sputum led to a diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasms several months prior to death [12]. Nevertheless, little progress was made until techniques for wet-fixation of respiratory tract secretions were perfected in the mid-1930's [9]. A comprehensive review of pulmonary cytology in human medicine has been published recently [12].Although there has been much progress in the area of pulmonary cytology in man, little use has been made of pulmonary cytology in animals except for trans-tracheal wash techniques [1,4,5]. References to bronchoscopic collection of cytologic specimens in animals are limited [15,16,17]; it has not been widely used in veterinary medicine for several reasons. First, the incidence of spontaneous pulmonary neoplasms is quite low. Second, fiberoptic equipment necessary for adequate collection of cytologic specimens from the deep bronchial tree is expensive and has limited the development of pulmonary cytologic techniques to teaching hospitals and research 294

Ureteral Transitional Cell Carcinoma in the DogC. HANIKA and A. H. REBAR Primary tumors of the urinary tract are uncommon in the dog and cat, comprising less than 0.5% of all tumors [5]. Naturally-occurring renal pelvic carcinoma is rare in animals [l]; we know of no reported cases of spontaneous ureteral carcinoma in the dog.A 12-year-old noncastrated male Beagle dog was presented with pyrrhexia, anorexia and a palpable abdominal mass. The dog was born and raised in a closed research colony. At the age of 14 months, as part of a study of long-term effects of chronic whole body beta and gamma irradiation by an internal emitter, it was injected intravenously with 1800 pCi of '37CsC1 per kg body weight [2, 71. Clinical history before presentation was unremarkable.Exploratory laparotomy showed hydronephrosis of the left kidney, hydroureter and a 1.5-cm mass involving the ureteral wall 3 cm from the urinary bladder. The ureter distal to the mass looked normal. A nephrectomy was done, and the ureter was ligated distal to the lesion.The left kidney, 10 X 6 x 5 cm, was distended with purulent material. The renal cortex was compressed to 0.75 cm thick. The ureter was tortuous and dilated. Distal to the dilation, a 1.5-cm, nodular, light green mass was visible through the serosa. It involved over half the circumference of the ureteral wall, and extended into and filled the lumen, forming a smooth, cast-like projection that extended 3 cm proximally. Vessels and occasional cysts up to 2 mm in diameter were visible on the cut surface of the mass ( fig. 1).Histologically, the mass arose from ureteral transitional epithelium with uneven stratification, cellular crowding, nuclear pleomorphisrn, hyperchromasia and loss of orientation to the basement membrane (fig. 2). Cords of epithelial cells penetrated the basement membrane and formed nests in the collagenous connective tissue beneath the mucosa. Deeper in the ureteral wall, the neoplasm formed a more extensive solid mass of densely cellular cords, nests and sheets in a delicate connective tissue stroma. The tumor mass was neither encapsulated nor circumscribed; it invaded completely through the muscularis and along fascia1 planes $ the adventitia. The neoplastic mass was well vascularized.Neoplastic cells were polyhedral with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei with one or two irregularly-shaped nucleoli and prominent nuclear margins ( fig. 3). Most cells had distinct cytoplasmic boundaries. Several foci of squamous metaplasia were present in the mass. There were cystic spaces of various sizes, containing eosinophilic proteinaceous fluid and degenerating cells. Occasional focal areas of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis and areas of hemorrhage were seen. Areas of old hemorrhage were indicated by hemosiderin-laden macrophages. There were accumulations of mononuclear inflammatory cells, mostly at the periphery of the neoplastic mass, with a few scattered within the mass.Ureteral transitional epithelium adjacent to the tumor was hyperplastic. Th...

Abstract. Porcine necrotic ear syndrome is a disease of swine characterized by large erosive lesions at the margin of the pinna(e). The gross and microscopic characteristics of the lesions were studied in 38 pigs selected from eight affected swine herds. The progression of the lesions was examined in a herd of 174 weaned pigs in a total confinement nursery. The lesions began as a superficial vesicular dermatitis associated with superficial auricular trauma and progressed to become exudative and encrusted. Localized lesions slowly healed or sporadically progressed to deep necrotic ulcers. The early lesions resembled the epidermal changes produced by Staphylococcus hyicus. Deep ulceration and necrosis was attributed to the invasion of streptococci into the dermis resulting in cellulitis, vasculitis, thrombosis, ischemia, and necrosis.Porcine necrotic ear syndrome is a disease of swine characterized by large erosive lesions on the ears. The disease has been called ear-biting,I6 streptococcal auricular dermatitis, I2 porcine ulcerative ~pirochetosis,~ or colloquially, ear necrosis. The name porcine necrotic ear syndrome is suggested as an alternative taxon until the pathogenesis and etiology of the disease is defined completely.Porcine necrotic ear syndrome has two distinct clinical patterns. In the milder form, the lesion remains as a localized, narrow, encrusted sore along the ventral auricular margin or tip, causing little discomfort to the pig or concern to the producer. These localized encrusted lesions usually evolve slowly to produce either slight scalloping of the auricular margin or resolve with no auricular necrosis. Sporadically, the lesions become much more severe. An acute inflammatory response develops, the epidermis ulcerates, and a large, irregular necrotic lesion develops along the auricular margin.The pathogenesis of the lesion remains undefined. Biting and cannibalism are thought by some to be the cause of the syndrome2*6.15,16 while others suggest bacteria such as spirochetes,' Staphylococcus hyicus,'* or B-hemolytic streptococci" as possible etiologic agents.Limited gross and histologic descriptions of the lesions of porcine necrotic ear syndrome are found scattered in several report^,^*'^*^^ but there is no detailed study of the gross and histologic character of the lesions. This paper describes spontaneous lesions in pigs affected with endemic necrotic ear syndrome. Materials and MethodsThe lesions of porcine necrotic ear syndrome were examined in two studies. Study A was designed to examine the progression of the lesions. The pigs in this study were the litters from 20 sows in a farrow-to-finish production unit with endemic necrotic ear syndrome. The piglets were the product of a modified three breed cross-breeding system. Their tails were docked at four days and at 34 to 52 days of age, the pigs were placed into seven 10.5 X 8 foot pens in a total-confinement slatted nursery. The mean population of the pens was 26. After weaning, the pigs were evaluated regularly from 12 days when the lesion...

Clinical pathology testing in nonclinical toxicity and safety studies is an important part of safety assessment. In recent years, clinical laboratory testing has rapidly expanded and improved. Some government regulatory agencies provide guidelines for clinical pathology testing in nonclinical toxicity and safety studies. To improve these testing guidelines and the resultant safety assessments, the American Association for Clinical Chemistry's Division of Animal Clinical Chemistry and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology formed a joint committee to provide expert recommendations for clinical pathology testing of laboratory species involved in subchronic and chronic nonclinical toxicity and safety studies. These recommendations include technical recommendations on blood collection techniques and hematology, serum chemistry, and urinalysis tests.