An electrically conductive polymer heating material with "distributed intelligence" has found many applications in the industrial, commercial and consumer world.These applications include electrical heat tracing (heating of pipes with long line cable heaters) in process plants, snow melting in concrete, energy savings in hot water distribution systems, and frost heave prevention under refrigerated structures. The heater core displays an increasing electrical resistivity with increasing temperature. The material property is coupled with parallel circuitry to produce a distributed electrical heater with local intelligence, the self-regulating heater. This paper includes an explicit example of thermal and electrical parameters of such a heater used in frost heave prevention of large LNG tanks around the world. Finite element analysis (FEA) of these systems are shown to provide an analytical tool in projecting performance for large thermal masses with time constants of up to 60 days. The self-regulating heater provides both design and performance reliability not found in previous systems.
In our modern societies, One of the main and simplest signature traits is hot water as a convenient and efficient way of life either for industrial and domestic purposes, however, obtaining hot water in most cases will be through fossil fuel either by direct burning for the fuel for heating or indirectly by using electricity that generated by fossil fuel. Using solar heaters will limit the in some extent the usage of fossil fuel.
A flat solar water heater of (165 to 175) cm3 has been constructed to be used as a model for educational purposes. The solar heater is made of local materials consist of galvanized iron pipes, glass surfaces, wool insulation, aluminum frame, and fixed iron base. Moreover, Thermocouples, pyranometer, and an anemometer were used to test the performance of the heater in four days in May for the angle of inclination of the complex 320 is on the horizontal. In conclusion, the daily average efficiency was around 57%. The temperature in the tank is about 62 0C at noon, which is sufficient for home use throughout the day.
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