Market refers to a place or state where a consumers and the sellers interact either directly or indirect to trade goods and services. It is a situation where forces of demand and supply interact to determine prices of goods and services being exchanged. Healthcare is essentially one of basic human need and very limited and requires allocation and institutions to organize its allocation. Healthcare market often mentioned as to be different from many other goods and services which make it different from the perfect market. The aim of this article is to describe the characteristics of the market failure. A simple systematic review was done for this article involving English literature of public databases and journal search engines. As a result of our literature review, characteristics of market failure can be simplified and categorized based from the factor of market namely; government intervention, patient factors, and external factors. All the essential contents of market failure are discussed further in this article. For the conclusion, although there are many characteristics of market failure, the main characteristics of market failure in healthcare market is due to government interventions which subsequently cause emerging of other characteristics of market failure in healthcare market.
Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the best treatment option for coronary heart disease. It improves survival and quality of life (QOL) for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and those with more advanced coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction, or diabetes. The purpose of this study is to measure the QOL among patients after CABG surgery and its associated factors. Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in a cardiothoracic centre in Malaysia involving 184 respondents. A pretested, self-administered questionnaire which included the validated SF-36 Health Survey was filled by respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Non parametric test was used to identify factors associated with QOL among the respondents. Significance level was set at 0.05. Result:The total number of respondents was 184 with response rate of 100%. From the analysis, the mean(SD) score of the eight domains of SF-36 ranges between 58.8(25.4) and 82.7(23.5), where the lowest score was physical functioning domain while the highest score was bodily pain and social functioning domain. The mean(SD) age of respondents was 59. 86(8.17). Majority of respondents were male (82.6%), Malay (43.5%), Muslims (45.1%), married (85.9%), received minimal primary education (96.7%) and retired/unemployed (48.9%). Age, gender, religion, educational level and employment status, showed to have significant association with at least one domain of QOL including physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS) with statistical significant set at P<0.05. Conclusion:Quality of life scores showed to be higher compared to coronary artery disease patients. Several sociodemographic characteristics (employed, married, high education level) were associated with good quality of life domains among the respondents.
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