Characterisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is important for adequate decision making in the management strategy of urban MSW of a city. The objective of this study was to characterise the MSW at a landfill of Pune city, India and suggest appropriate MSW management methods. The investigations showed that biological treatment of MSW will be feasible as it contains high organic matter and moisture content. This would help to divert 70% of the total waste, if solid waste treatment facilities were provided at source, which would lead to enormous cost savings of waste collection, transport and disposal. Energy generation through incineration of MSW was not feasible. The changing pattern of characterisation of MSW in relation to socio-economic changes has been discussed. Though the study was focused on Pune city, investigations will help solid waste management planners, materials recovery facility designers and for estimation of landfill gas emission in developing metropolitan cities.
Aims: Foliar nutrition is aimed to eliminate the problems of fixation and immobilization of nutrients. Hence, foliar nutrition is being recognized as a significant way of fertilizing modern agriculture, especially under rainfed conditions. Liquid organic manures are the concoctions of micro and macronutrients that also contain vitamins, amino acids, growth-promoting substances, and beneficial microbes. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted in medium black soils at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur, during Rabi, 2020-21. Methodology: There were fifteen treatment combinations, consisting of five organic sources (vermiwash @ 10%, cowurine @ 10%, jeevamrutha @ 25%, bio digester filtrate @ 25% and urea @ 2%) in main plots and three stage of application (pre flowering, pod initiation and pre flowering + pod initiation) in sub plots for JG-11 variety of chickpea. Results: Foliar application of jeevamrutha @ 25% both at pre flowering and at pod initiation stages recorded significantly greater dry matter accumulation in leaves, stem and reproductive parts, higher SPAD values, number of pods plant-1 (46.5), grain weight plant-1 (9.45 g), harvest index (2198 kg ha-1). Soil dehydrogenase activity, protein content and protein yield parameters also showed higher values for the same treatment along with the major nutrient uptake. A significant reduction in the observation of pest load of chickpeas at pod development stage was noticed by the application of treatment. Conclusion: Foliar application of liquid organic manures, either jeevamrutha @ 25% or cow urine @ 10% both at pre-flowering and at pod initiation stages helped to increase growth, growth attributes like dry matter accumulation, SPAD values, yield attributes, protein content, dehydrogenase activity, major nutrient uptake and reduction of pest load in chickpea.
The spent wash generated in the distillation process has very high organic content like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), which are treated to curtail the levels of COD and BOD. Day by day the rules and legislation are stringent and mandatory for disposal of distillery spent wash. Anaerobic treatment is the primary treatment widely adopted to generate biogas. To find out the potential of recalcitrant effluent a case study of the full-scale operating biomethanation plants at Sanjivani, SSK Ltd, Kopargaon, (M.S), India and Spectrum Renewable Energy Pvt. Ltd. (SREL) Warnanagar (M. S.), India was incorporated. Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket treatment was implemented to generate the biogas. Sanjivani distillery industry, Kopargaon has a COD removal efficiency of 70–72% with specific biogas generation of 0.5 m3/ kg COD removal, and total biogas generated is 38000 Nm3/d. Mechanical Vapour Recompression (MVR) is the cutting-edge technology executed to convert distillery spent wash into useful by-products such as biogas, clean water, and organic manure.
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