It is shown that interacting many-particle quantum systems can be described in terms of fully correlated n-particle densities, which determine uniquely the potential acting on the system and satisfy a minimum principle with respect to the ground-state energy. This leads to a generalization of ordinary density functional theory in terms of n-particle densities which allows the direct and selfconsistent treatment of correlation effects within electronic structure methods for atoms, molecules, and solids. [S0031-9007 (96)01364-6] PACS numbers: 71.15.Mb, 31.10.+ z, 31.15.Ew
First-principles electronic structure calculations based on the full-potential linear-muffin-tin-orbital method have been employed to study the contrasting effects of boron and hydrogen on the electronic structure of the I.lz ordered intermetallic Ni3Al. The total energy, the siteand I-projected densities of states, and the impurity-induced charge-density characteristics are calculated for various impurity configurations, to investigate the effects of local environment on the electronic structure. Total-energy calculations show that both boron and hydrogen impurities prefer to occupy octahedral interstitial sites that are entirely coordinated by six nickel atoms. Our results suggest that the underlying mechanism of the boron-induced strengthening in Ni3Al is the Ni-d and B-p hybridization between the nearestneighbor nickel and boron sites. This results in an enhancement of the intraplanar metallic bonding between the nickel atoms, an enhancement of interstitial bonding charge, and reduction of the bondingcharge directionality around the Ni atoms on the (001) NiAl planes. In contrast, hydrogen is found to enhance the bonding-charge directionality near some Ni atoms and to reduce the interstitial charge, suggesting that it promotes poor local cohesion. When both boron and hydrogen are present in Ni3Al, the dominant changes in the electronic structure are induced by boron and the charge distribution resembles that of Ni3Al+B. These results are broadly consistent with the notion of boron as a cohesion enhancer and hydrogen as an embrittler.
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