Diffuse and polarization functions have been optimized for the LANL2DZ basis set for elements in groups 14-17. The optimized exponents are in most cases similar to those optimized with different effective core potentials, valence basis sets, or computational models. The average of the LANL2DZ results for different models is taken to be the best generalized set of exponents. The extended basis set gives good results (average deviation from experiment 0.11 eV) for atomic electron affinities with the B3LYP model, but is consistently low with the MP2 model. The extended basis set gives similar performance to the all-electron 6-31+G(d) basis set in calculations of vibrational frequencies and bond energies in selected main-group compounds, and is intermediate in speed between the 6-31+G(d) basis set and the unmodified LANL2DZ basis set. IntroductionTo support our experimental program on the energetics of hypervalent compounds, 1 we need to calculate structures, energetics, vibrational frequencies, and other properties for a number of species containing heavy main-group atoms, such as I 5 -, SbF 6 -, and BiCl 4 -. We have therefore become interested in expanding the range of available basis sets for heavy maingroup atoms.Basis sets used in calculations on these systems must meet certain criteria. 2 Computational efficiency generally dictates the use of effective core potentials (ECPs). Use of a relativistic core potential (RECP) can also largely account for the relativistic effects that become significant for heavier atoms. Because many of the systems are anionic, diffuse functions are needed on all of the atoms. 3 Also, the basis set used on the central atom should include at least one set of d-polarization functions for the valence-p orbitals. In addition to modifying the shape of the valence orbitals, d functions allow probing of the controversial nature of bonding in hypervalent systems; that is, whether the three-center, four-electron bonding model 4 (where p orbitals on the central atom are primarily involved in the bonding) or the older expanded octet model 5 (where d orbitals on the central atom contribute substantially to the bonding) is more defensible.Finally, the possible use of different basis sets on different atoms require basis set balance to avoid inaccuracies in the charge distribution in the molecule. "Balance" means that for each atom, the last functions of each symmetry added to the basis set contribute equally to energy lowering. 6-8 For example, adding diffuse functions to double-basis sets has a significant effect on the energy even for atoms. 9 Thus, using a small basis set for heavy atoms and a larger basis set for lighter atoms in the same molecule can lead to inaccurate electron distributions, energetics, and other properties. In practice, balance can be approached by using basis sets of a similar size for each atom.There is no comprehensive basis set for the main-group elements in general use that includes ECPs, diffuse functions,

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Computational studies of pericyclic reactions between phosphinoboranes X2BPY2 and alkenes/dienes were undertaken for comparison with organic analogues. Identification of a suitable phosphinoborane required examination of several differently substituted examples. The data show that (F3C)2BP(CH3)2 contains a nearly planar P atom (a requirement for multiple bonding), but it dimerizes without a barrier and so would be unsuitable experimentally. Increasing the size of the P-bound groups lowers the dimerization exothermicity, but an adequate barrier arises only for (F3C)2BP(t-Bu)2, 1. This compound is predicted to undergo facile [2+2] cyclization with C2H2 and C2H4 and [4+2] cyclization with cis-C4H6 and c-C5H6, with barriers of <10 kcal mol-1 and exothermicities of >30 kcal mol-1. It thus represents a candidate for synthesis and subsequent reactions. The reactivity provides insight into the nature of the B−P bond (whether double, single, or in between) in phosphinoboranes, but does not allow unambiguous classification.

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