The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of skin tears in the extremities and to explore factors associated with development of skin tears in inpatients at a Danish hospital. The study was designed as a point prevalence survey and included 202 patients in the age range 19-99 (mean: 70·7, SD: 16·5). The patients were assessed for presence of skin tears, numbers, locations and previous skin tears. Data were collected using a data collection sheet developed for a previous study. The survey team consisted of four specialist nurses. Data were collected over a period of 24 hours spread over 3 days. Of the 202 patients, 23 had skin tears, yielding a prevalence of 11·4%. In total, 40 skin tears were observed. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that previous skin tears (odds ratio (OR): 9·3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2·6-33·4, P < 0·001), ecchymosis (OR: 5·6, CI: 1·4-23·2, P < 0·017) and risk of falling (OR: 3·8, CI: 1·2-12·0, P < 0·021) were significantly associated with development of skin tears. The prevalence of skin tears in this study (11·4%) matches other international observations. The following risk factors were recognised: previous skin tear, ecchymosis and risk of falling. These factors could be used to identify patients requiring prevention of skin tears.

The microbiological diagnosis in CAP can be established in only about 50% of cases with the combination of several diagnostic tools. Epidemiologic surveys of CAP should be performed on a regular basis, regionally, as a way to improve the management of these infections.

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BackgroundGiant Cell Arteritis (GCA) is the most common vasculitis in people over 50 years, with incidence varying according to geographic location. In Europe, the average incidence is 10–30 per 1 00 000 inhabitants over 50 years, whereas in Africa and Asia it is approximately 1.5 per 1 00 000.ObjectivesTo define GCA epidemiology in La Réunion, a French oversea territory in South West Indian Ocean characterised by several ethnic groups and genetic admixture.MethodsRetrospective study between January 2005 and August 2017 in the 4 main hospitals of La Réunion. Patients were identified through hospital informatics databases and practitioner records. A definite diagnosis of GCA was considered for patients fulfilling ACR criteria and/or by assessment by a trained rheumatologist. Incidence and prevalence calculation was based on French national census data.ResultsSixty patients were included, of which 60% were women. Mean age at diagnosis was 73.7 years, with a mean delay to diagnosis of 6.8 months. Cases met an average of 3.78/5 ACR criteria, and 78% had >2 criteria. The mean annual incidence was 2.33 per 1 00 000 inhabitants older than 50 years (203,000), with 95% confidency interval (IC) of 1.74–2.92. The prevalence at the end of period study was 24 cases per 100,00 (IC: 18–30). There was no seasonal variation regarding disease onset. Clinically, patients complained of asthenia and headache in 75%, fever in 33% and ophthalmologic damage for 32% of the cases, of which 5 had anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Polymyalgia rheumatica was associated in 42% of all cases. Total blood cells counts were usually within normal values, whereas mean CRP was 111 mg/L. Anicteric cholestasis was a common finding: mean GGT=78 IU/L (n<42) and alkaline phosphatase=107 IU/L (n<104). Radiological examinations contributed to diagnosis in only 9/31 cases. Temporal artery biopsy was performed in 91% of patients and showed specific histological features of GCA in 55%. Corticosteroid regimen was introduced in 59 patients (1 died the day after the biopsy) and mean treatment duration was 26 months, for a total dose of 10.6 g. Antiplatelet therapy was given in 47% of patients. One patient in three experienced one or more relapses.ConclusionsThis is the first study to describe GCA in La Réunion, and more generally in Indian Ocean. It shows an incidence 4–12 times lower than in most European countries with white ancestry background. This discrepancy could be explained by the contribution of the various ethnic groups of La Reunion, especially those coming from parts of the world characterised by a lower GCA incidence (Africa, India, South East Asia). A shorter life expectancy may also account for this observation, assuming that GCA incidence increases with age. Sex ratio and age at diagnosis were similar to European studies, as well as clinico-biological features, response to treatment and side effects. Some limitations of our study should be taken in consideration: inclusions of hospitalised patients only, informatics record limits and retrospec...