In a series of 52 auditory ossicles, their structure and functional significance were studied, with special reference to the patterns of force transmission. The significance of the different degrees of cavitation in the ossicles as well as their eventual pathological significance are also discussed.
In a series of 100 cases, morphological variations of human ossicula tympani were studied. These have seldom been considered either in classic or recent descriptions. Among them, the malleus and stapes are the most variable ones. A geometric model is proposed to systematically study any variation from the typical ossicles. These morphological variations of ossicles could be related to age, sex, race, .and could bring out peculiarities in acoustic transmission.
We describe the synthesis of optical modes whose axial structure follows a random tandem array of Bessel beams of integer order. The array follows fluctuations of Markov-chain type and the amplitude values for each beam are linked to a sequence of random vectors. As a prototype, we describe the synthesis of optical fields for Markov-chain type Ehrenfest. This process models the thermodynamic equilibrium and then it can be related to the evolution and stability of optical systems, in this way, it offers a similitude with partially coherent processes where the coherence degree is now distributed between all the compounds of the resulting random vector. The matrix representation for the stochastic process allows incorporating entropy properties and the calculus of the purity for the optical field. This constitutes the basis to describe the interference between markovian modes. When the set of markovian modes type Ehrenfest reaches a stable configuration they become indistinguishability non-conservative optical field having associated hysteresis features. Computer simulations are presented.
We describe the evolution of a linear transmittance when it is perturbed with multiplicative noise; the evolution is approximated through an ensemble of random transmittances that are used to generate diffraction fields. The randomness induces a competition mechanism between noise and transmittance, and it is identified through the self-correlation function. We show that the geometry of the self-correlation function is a single peak preserved in the diffraction field that can be matched with localization-like effects. To corroborate the theoretical predictions, we perform an experiment using a linear grating where the noise is approximated by a stochastic Markov chain. Experimental results are shown.
We analyze the diffraction field when changes in the curvature function of the boundary condition are implemented. The study is performed using differential geometry models with a curvature function displaying local behavior. Depending on the sign of curvature, we classify the diffraction field as elliptic, hyperbolic, or parabolic. In particular, it is shown that the optical field is organized around the parabolic regions, which correspond to focusing regions. The model is experimentally corroborated by applying a coordinate transformation to the transmittance of a zone plate. The reason to use this transmittance comes from the fact that its diffraction field displays multiple foci allowing identification, description, and control of bifurcations and morphogenesis effects, which are studied using the curvature function.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.