24Datasets that include only the PM elemental composition and no other important constituents such as 25 ions and OC, should be treated carefully when used for source apportionment. This work is 26 demonstrating how a source apportionment study utilizing PMF 5.0 enhanced diagnostic tools can 27 achieve an improved solution with documented levels of uncertainty for such a dataset.The uncertainty 28 of the solution is rarely reported in source apportionment studies or it is reported partially. Reporting 29 the uncertainty of the solution is very important especially in the case of small datasets. PM2.5 samples 30 collected in Patras during the year 2011 were used. The concentrations of 22 elements (Z=11-33) were 31 determined using PIXE. Source apportionment analysis revealed that PM2.5 emission sources were 32 biomass burning (11%), sea salt (8%), shipping emissions (10%), vehicle emissions (33%), mineral dust 33 (2%) and secondary sulfates (33%) while unaccounted mass was 3%. Although Patras city center is 34 located in a very close proximity to the city's harbor, the contribution of shipping originating emissions 35 was never before quantified. As rotational stability is hard to be achieved when a small dataset is used 36 the rotational stability of the solution was thoroughly evaluated. A number of constraints were applied 37 to the solution in order to reduce rotational ambiguity. 38 39

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) jointly with the Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste (EST) operates a multipurpose X-ray spectrometry endstation at the X-ray Fluorescence beamline (10.1L). The facility has been available to external users since the beginning of 2015 through the peer-review process of EST. Using this collaboration framework, the IAEA supports and promotes synchrotron-radiation-based research and training activities for various research groups from the IAEA Member States, especially those who have limited previous experience and resources to access a synchrotron radiation facility. This paper aims to provide a broad overview about various analytical capabilities, intrinsic features and performance figures of the IAEA X-ray spectrometry endstation through the measured results. The IAEA-EST endstation works with monochromatic X-rays in the energy range 3.7-14 keV for the Elettra storage ring operating at 2.0 or 2.4 GeV electron energy. It offers a combination of different advanced analytical probes, e.g. X-ray reflectivity, X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements, grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence measurements, using different excitation and detection geometries, and thereby supports a comprehensive characterization for different kinds of nanostructured and bulk materials.

The present paper reviews examples of the application of a portable - in house developed- XRF spectrometer for the analysis of museum metal artefacts in Greece. Specific topics are addressed, in particular, to which extent the qualitative or quantitative XRF analyses reveal important information about the raw materials and manufacture techniques used for gold, silver and bronze alloys in antiquity. The analytical information that it is gained by means of the XRF measurements is further assessed in comparison with the existing archaeometallurgical knowledge.

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Self-doping of cations on the tetrahedral and octahedral sites in spinel oxides creates "anti-site" defects, which results in functional optical, electronic, magnetic, and other materials properties. Previously, we divded the III−II spinel family into four doping types (DTs) based on firstprinciple calculations in order to understand their electrical behavior. Here, we present experimental evidence on two prototype spinels for each major doping type (DT1 and DT4) that test the first principles calculations. For the DT-1 Ga 2 ZnO 4 spinel, we show that the anti-site defects in a stoichiometric film are equal in concentration and compenstate each other, whereas, for nonstoichiometric Cr 2 MnO 4 , a representative DT-4 spinel, excess Mn on the tetrahedral sites becomes electrically inactive as the Mn species switch from (III) to (II). The agreement between experiment and theory validates the Doping Rules distilled from the theoretical framework and significantly enhances our understanding of the defect chemistry of spinel oxides.