Quality parameters were measured in two seasons for seeds produced from early (sown November, harvested January) and late (sown December, harvested February) crops of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) 'Pania'. Harvest was by hand at 15% seed moisture content (SMC). Time of sowing had no effect on the germination of the seeds produced, but did affect seed vigour as both conductivity and hollow heart were greater in seeds from the November sown crop, and as a consequence, expected field emergence (EFE) was significantly lower. At a 40% SMC harvest in the second year of study, germination and conductivity did not differ between the two sowing dates and so the EFE also did not differ significantly. However as harvest was delayed until 25 and 15% SMC, there was a higher hollow heart incidence and higher conductivity in seeds from the early crop compared with the late crop. Seeds from the November sowing encountered greater climatic extremes (temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity) during their maturation in January than seeds from the December sowing which matured in February. Although the data are only from one cultivar at one site over two seasons, the results suggest that pea seed vigour and hence 'To whom correspondence is to be addressed. H93011 Received 5 March 1993; accepted 6 December 1993 potential field and storage performance could be improved by sowing to avoid detrimental climate effects during seed development and ripening.
The relationship between seed quality characters and field emergence of garden pea seed lots was evaluated in 1988 for 82 seed lots from six cultivars under unirrigated conditions, and in 1989 for 23 seed lots from three cultivars under both irrigated and unirrigated conditions on several sowing dates. This study constitutes the most extensive evaluation of the prediction of field emergence in garden peas yet conducted. The favourable 1988 sowing conditions allowed good field emergence. However, low rainfall in November 1989 (unirrigated sowings) and excessive water at the 30 October and 20 December 1989 (irrigated sowings), were associated with reductions in field emergence. The germination test was correlated with field emergence when conditions for sowing were favourable and when low germinating seed lots were included in the analysis. However, when low germinating seed lots (<85%) were excluded, the relationship between germination and field emergence was low and unreliable. Differences in field emergence between seed lots were a reflection of differences in vigour which were detected by the conductivity test. The conductivity test was correlated with field emergence 1 To whom correspondence is to be addressed. H92054 Received 29 July 1992; accepted 31 March 1993of garden pea seed lots under all but the most favourable sowing conditions. Hollow heart may also be an important component of seed lot performance, particularly under moisture stress. The results of this study raise serious questions about the general applicability of the expected field emergence (EFE) equation which attempts to incorporate all these factors (germination, conductivity, and hollow heart) into a single predictive equation allowing calculation of sowing rates to achieve target plant populations. The conventional equation was particularly weak under conditions giving poor establishment, producing severe over-estimates of actual emergence. Attempts to improve the general equation by multiple linear regression analysis were unsatisfactory because derived equations showed widely different constants between cultivars and for various sowing conditions, and in many instances significant relationships were not obtained.
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