Changes in Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) generate several impacts which affect the energy balance of the Earth and, consequently, modifying the climate of a region. Accordingly, one of the most important indicators of this modification is the Land Surface Temperature (LST). The present work aims to analyze the relationship between LULC and LST, determining the influence of LULC on LST using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. The selected study area was the San Luis Potosí Basin, México (SLPB). A temporal analysis has been developed for 2007 and 2020. Satellite images from Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI/TIRS has been used to calculate LST through a single-channel algorithm for winter and spring. LULC has been determined from a supervised classification with neural network algorithm. Finally, change rates for LULC and LST were assessed. The results indicate that an LST increase of 11 °C from 2007 to 2020 has been detected in the region. Also, results showed that covers with spare vegetation or without vegetation have the highest temperatures (29°C to 32°C). In comparison, the covers with dense vegetation and water showed the lowest temperatures (23°C to 25°C). This type of research allows addressing the LULC effects on LST, as well as prove its importance in improving land use planning systems.
The Wixárika route was declared by the Government of the State of San Luis Potosí with a first proposal for a polygon as a state reserve area on 27th of October, 2000, and in 2001 the category of Natural Sacred Site is awarded. Initially, this region had an original area of 138,750 ha. Subsequently, the Federal Government of Mexico, through the National Commission of Protected Natural Areas (CONANP), creates the “Preliminary Justification Study”, where a larger polygon is proposed, including the Sacred Natural Sites for the Wixárika within the reserve. On the 3rd of November 2012, a group formed by scientists and researchers discussed the study carried out, in which they argued that the limits of the Reserve should respond to natural criteria defined by the watersheds of the basins, rather than linear geometric criteria, thus protecting hydrogeological, eco-systematic and social dynamics. So it is proposed adding to the previous polygon the water area of the basin, which represented an increase of 65,437.41 ha to the previously recognized within the PNA, decreeing a total area of 256,946.32 ha, according to the basin limit. However, after analyzing the zone, it was observed that other important elements were not analyzed in-depth and must be considered, such as; physiological, hydrological and topographical elements, meteorological and climatological phenomena, hydrogeology of the area as an adequate element of the basin delimitation, establishment and location of mining concessions. Also, fauna, flora and vegetation of the area were not studied. Thus, an evaluation of the soil was considered recognizing its relationship with toxic elements that could persist in the area. Similarly, an attempt was contemplated, including economic and social elements of the place. Consequently, it was proposed to expand the polygon, covering a new area of 293,388.42 ha. This expansion included all the elements described.
This research focused on the geospatial method application called Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) using Sentinel 1-A satellite images to determine the sinking incidence in the San Luis Potosí - Soledad de Graciano Sánchez conurbation area. In this study was carried out the processing and comparison of the sinking values resulting from the period 2014 to 2019, where the procedures showed that the sinking incidence that occurred in some areas of San Luis Potosí Valley was 13.4 cm, which means that a sinking of approximately 2.6 cm would be generated per year in the specific areas determined, as well as, with the results of the InSAR method was made a profiles graphic of the 5 years analyzed, with the aim of observing the behavior of soil sinking in the area studied. Likewise, 72 GNSS vertices were interpolated, which served to know the ground elevations in 2014, in order to correlate their differences according to the results of the interferometry process in the images using SNAP software.
The San Luis Potosí Valley is a basin situated in the municipalities of San Luis Potosí and Soledad de Graciano Sánchez belonging to the San Luis Potosí State and which make up the metropolitan area. This state is located in the north-central zone of México; it has a territorial extension of 64,165 m2 that represents 3.12% of the national territory. It is bounded to the north by the states of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas; to the south by Guanajuato, Queretaro and Hidalgo; to the east by Veracruz and to the west by Zacatecas and Jalisco. The analysis of the radiation capture phenomenon was carried out in the San Luis Potosí Metropolitan Area (ZMSLP). The study area is located between latitudes 22° 20′ 00″ and 22° 02′ 00″ north and longitudes 101° 12′ 00″ and 100° 44′ 00″ west. Net radiation is the phenomenon in which radiation fluxes interact between atmosphere and the earth’s surface. This phenomenon leads to processes such as evapotranspiration and photosynthesis. The net radiation analysis can be performed by three methods: (a) by using radiation monitoring stations, (b) by statistical models using data from meteorological stations such as temperature and relative humidity, and (c) by using satellite imagery. Since satellite images offer the possibility of analyzing large tracts of land, this method has been chosen to carry out the study using two images per year, one for the dry season and one for the rainy season between 1990 and 2017. The results show a considerable reduction in net radiation between the study periods, possibly due to the metropolitan area growth that impacts on the environment and therefore to the processes mentioned above.
Potential water pollution not only changes water quality, it also threatens human health, economic development and social prosperity. This is the reason why it was carried out the analysis of La Media Luna water spring and the surrounding soil by means of a sample. The water spring is located in the municipalities of Rioverde and Cd. Fernandez belonging to the Middle Zone of the San Luis Potosi State, Mexico. The location coordinates are as follows (393791.987 E, 2417785.435 N). Water and soil samples were taken at a depth of 15 to 30 cm at each km of the canals to the north and south from the centre of the water spring, in which the nitrogen concentration was analysed by means of a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The water sampling evaluation was supplemented using geospatial techniques to observe the spread behavior and the dispersion of ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, pH and electrical conductivity. The objective of this research project was to identify the nitrogen concentration in the form of ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate in order to know the impact of anthropogenic activities, the contributions of agrochemicals and fertilizers, and their possible consequences to the water spring.
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