The goal of this study is to assess the use of saline groundwater in combination with soil amendments to increase the efficiency of wheat production in new agricultural soil in Egypt. The experiment was conducted during the two consecutive growing seasons, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, at the Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag, Egypt. In this study, plants of Shandaweel 1 spring bread wheat cultivar were grown under the combinations of the two water treatments, i.e., freshwater (307.2 ppm) and saline water (3000 ppm (NaCl + MgCl2)) representing groundwater in Egypt delivered by drip irrigation and the two biochar rates, i.e., zero and 4.8 ton/ha as a soil amendment. The cob corn biochar (CCB) was synthesized by using the slow pyrolysis process (one hour at 350 °C). The results revealed that saline water reduced the grain yield ratio by 8.5%, 11.0%, and 9.7% compared to non-saline water during seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 and over seasons, respectively. Concerning, combined over seasons, the biochar addition enhanced the grain yield by 5.6% and 13.8% compared to non-biochar addition under fresh and saline irrigation water conditions, respectively. Thus, the results indicated and led to a preliminary recommendation that saline groundwater is a viable source of irrigation water and that biochar seemed to alleviate salinity stress on wheat production and in reclaimed soils of Egypt.
Field experiments were conducted at Shandaweel Agric. Res. Station, Sohag, Egypt, during the two growing seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 to study the effect of six irrigation regimes, i.e. I1 (irrigation at tillering and elongation stage), I2 (irrigation at tillering and flowering stage), I3 (irrigation at tillering, elongation and flowering stage), I4 (irrigation at tillering, booting and grain filling stage), I5 (irrigation at tillering, elongation, booting and flowering stage) and I6 (irrigation at tillering, elongation, booting, flowering and grain filling stage) on some agronomic and physiological traits of four wheat cultivars, i.e.Shandaweel1, Sids 14, Sohag 4 and Sohag 5. Results showed that decreasing number of irrigations and amount of applied water at different growth stages significantly decreased all studied traits. The highest reduction was recorded under I1 (1432 m-3 ha-1) for all studied traits, except days to heading and number of spikes m-2. Meanwhile, the lowest reduction was observed under I5 (3088 m-3 ha-1) for all studied traits as compared to I6 (3965 m-3 ha-1 of applied water). Irrigation at both booting and flowering are essential to reduce loss in grain yield. Moreover, Sids 14 exhibited lower yield reduction under different irrigation regimes, while sohag 4 and Sohag 5 exhibited the highest yield reduction. Therefore, Sids 14 proved to be drought tolerant cultivar, while Sohag 4 and Sohag 5 were drought sensitive. Planting Sids 14 cultivar with irrigation at tillering, booting, grain filling stages (I4) are useful to save about (36.97%) of applied water without significant decrease in grain yield.
Wheat breeders face environmental conditions and factors when developing and releasing a new cultivar from a breeding program, which considering a challenge especially with climate change. Genotype-byenvironment interaction analysis is key for selection and cultivar release, and to identify suitable production and test environments. Therefore, the grain yield of 12 bread and 12 durum wheat genotypes were evaluated in six different locations from Nile valley to newly reclaimed land in the west desert of Egypt, in two successive 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. The mega-environment was tested with the winner genotypes, the stable genotypes, and the individual ideal genotypes by using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), and genotype main effect plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot methods. The results of AMMI and GGE biplot revealed four mega-environments, one of them had several environments with winner G7 as well as a stable genotype. But the ideal genotype was G2 for the bread wheat genotypes set. On the other hand, the durum wheat genotypes set is divided into two mega-environments with winners G16 and G17 (breeding lines) of grain yield. But the stable genotype and ideal genotype was G18 according to AMMI and GGE biplot analyses across tested environments.
The present study was carried out at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt. Eight durum wheat genotypes of diverse origin were evaluated under 12 environments, which are a combination between three sowing dates, i.e., 20 th November, 10 th December and 30 th December under two levels of nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 50 and 75 kg N/fed during two winter growing seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. The combined analysis of variance revealed high significant differences among environments, genotypes as well as genotype × environment interaction for six studied traits i.e., days to 50% heading, plant height, number of spikes/m 2 , number of kernels/spike, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield/fed. The results showed that sowing at the favorable date (20 th November) using 75 kg/fed nitrogen fertilizer increased all studied traits. The joint regression analysis of variance for the studied traits showed high significant mean squares due to environment + genotype × environment interactions revealing that genotypes considerably interacted with the environmental conditions. The mean squares due to G × E (linear) were found to be significant for all studied traits, except for days to heading and 1000-kernel weight which reveals genetic variability among genotypes for linear response to varying environments. Stability parameters (bi and S 2 d) revealed that six genotypes were stable for days to heading, six for plant height, three for number of spikes/m 2 , three for number of kernels/spike and six for 1000-kernel weight. Five out of the eight studied genotypes, i.e., Sohag 5, line 2, line 3, line 4 and line 5 showed non-significant deviation from regression and their regression coefficient values were close to unity which are classified as stable genotypes for grain yield. Two genotypes had grain yield higher than the grand mean (Sohage 5 and Line 4) and could be considered the most adapted genotypes.
The present study was conducted during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 wheat growing seasons at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag governorate, Egypt. Three cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, namely Vorobey A-line, Navojoa A-line and Neloki A-line of wheat having Triticum Timopheevi cytoplasmic male sterility source (three-lines system A, B and R) were crossed with twenty-five wheat genotypes as testers in line × tester fashion to identify maintainer and restorer lines for the CMS lines. Based on the evaluation of 75 hybrid combinations for pollen and spikelet fertility percent, results indicated that the identified wheat genotypes as effective maintainers were
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