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Background: Cow hair and dander are important inducers of occupational allergies in cattle-exposed farmers. To estimate allergen exposure in farming environments, a sensitive enzyme immunoassay was developed to measure cow hair allergens. Methods: A sandwich ELISA was developed using polyclonal rabbitantibodies against a mixture of hair extracts from different cattle breeds. To assess the specificity of the assay, extracts from other mammalian epithelia, mites, molds and grains were tested. To validate the new assay, cow hair allergens were measured in passive airborne dust samples from the stables and homes of farmers. Dust was collected with electrostatic dust fall collectors (EDCs). Results: The sandwich ELISA was found to be very sensitive (detection limit: 0.1 ng/ml) and highly reproducible, demonstrating intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of 4 and 10%, respectively. The assay showed no reactivity with mites, molds and grains, but some cross-reactivity with other mammalian epithelia, with the strongest reaction with goat. Using EDCs for dust sampling, high concentrations of bovine allergens were measured in cow stables (4,760–559,400 µg/m²). In addition, bovine allergens were detected in all areas of cattle farmer dwellings. A large variation was found between individual samples (0.3–900 µg/m²) and significantly higher values were discovered in changing rooms. Conclusion: The ELISA developed for the detection of cow hair proteins is a useful tool for allergen quantification in occupational and home environments. Based on its low detection limit, this test is sensitive enough to detect allergens in passive airborne dust.

Sensitization to endochitinase class I containing a hevein domain is the main underlying pathomechanism in latex-mediated avocado allergy.

Indoor allergens are among the main causes of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergen exposure is not limited to private homes. Mite, cat, and dog allergens were measured in day care centers to determine whether these concentrations detected might exert significant influence on human health. In 20 day care centers across North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the surfaces of 171 rooms were vacuumed 4 times a year to collect dust (1340 samples in total). In all samples, domestic mite antigens (DM) and the main allergens of cats (Fel d 1) and dogs (Can f 1) were quantified using enzyme immunoassays. Provisional threshold limits (PTL) for increased risks of sensitization and allergic symptoms were estimated according to published values and conversion factors. The influence of room characteristics on allergen concentrations was analyzed in mixed linear models, also considering values below the limit of detection (LOD). Nearly all samples contained allergens (99% DM, 96% Fel d 1, and 96% Can f 1). The concentrations rarely exceeded levels that were previously found to induce symptoms in home environments, but were frequently higher than estimates for enhanced sensitization risk (13% DM, 43% Fel d 1, and 27% Can f 1). Upholstered furnishings had the highest dust and allergen loads, followed by carpets and smooth floors. Allergen concentrations on different surface types that were sampled in the same room at the same time were significantly correlated and analyzed in separate models. The highest DM concentrations were present in bedrooms and in autumn. Further, DM loads on floors decreased significantly in rooms that were renovated within the last 5 years. If there were no records that furnishings were vacuumed, there were then significantly higher Can f 1 loads. Sweeping floors elevated DM and cat allergen concentrations. In addition to mite allergens, cat and dog allergens were detected in nearly all samples from day care centers. Overall, the present results indicate that allergen concentrations may be reduced by renovation and appropriate cleaning procedures.

Mite, mouse, cat, and dog allergens were mostly higher in DCC than in homes. Exposure to dog and cat allergens in DCC often reached levels of households with pets.