Typhoid intestinal perforation is a principal cause of morbidity and mortality affecting both adults and children. This study aims to evaluate the pattern of typhoid intestinal perforation and outcome of its management in Nigerian children. The records of consecutive children managed for typhoid intestinal perforation at Juth, between 1996 and 2005 have been reviewed. There were 184 children (M:F = 1.04:1), with a mean of 5.8 years (range 4 to 15 years). More than a half (62.5%) of the patients were in the 5-6 year age group. The incidence peaked in April-May, and November-December. Increased incidence of typhoid perforation was observed between 2002 and 2005. All patients presented with the classic features of typhoid enteric perforation. Hypokalaemia and anaemia were common at presentation. Only 75 (40.6%) patients had operation within 24 h of perforation. The types of surgery included simple excision of the edges of the peroration and closure (74.5%), wedge resection and closure in (14.5%), segmental resection with primary end-to-end anastomosis (3.6%) and right hemi-colectomy with ileo-colic or ileo-transverse anastomosis. Wound infection and dehiscence, anastomotic breakdown with faecal fistula, intra peritoneal abscesses and chest infections were the main post operative complications. The overall mortality rate was 22.8 (42). Excision and simple closure was associated with the least incidence of anastomotic breakdown and operation time. The incidence of typhoid intestinal perforation is on the increase at our institution. Early limited surgery provides optimal results.

Background/Purpose: The excision of sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) may be associated with signifi cant long-term morbidity for the child. We reviewed our experience with SCT in a tertiary health care facility in a developing country with particular interest on the long-term sequelae. Methods: Between January 1990 and May 2008 inclusive, 38 consecutive children with the diagnosis of SCT were identifi ed from the operation register and the Cancer Registry of the Jos University Teaching Hospital. Their clinical presentation, investigation, operative fi ndings, histology report, and outcome were recorded and analyzed. The long-term follow-up of some of the patients were also recorded and analyzed. Results: There were 31 females and 7 males. Twenty-three patients presented during the neonatal period with a median age at presentation of 7 days (range 1-18 days) and a median weight at presentation of 2.8 kg (range 2.0-3.6kg), 10 presented between 1 month and 12 months, while 5 were older than 1 year at presentation. Most of the patients had signifi cantly external tumors. Excision of the tumor was mainly by the sacral route, four had abdominal-sacral excision. Histology was mainly benign; four were malignant at presentation. Four children with malignant disease had chemotherapy in addition to excision of the tumor. Eight had immediate post-operative wound-related complications while three children died, two of the deaths were related to anesthesia, while one died of colostomy complications. Twenty-one (60%) were followed up for a median duration of 6 years (range 1 month-8 years). Two (9.5%) had recurrent disease after primary excision; fi ve (23.8%) had some degree of functional impairment at the follow-up. Conclusion: While SCT is usually benign, recurrence, malignant transformations in patients who present late and longterm functional sequelae are problems that must be tackled by the care givers. A multi-center study may be necessary to characterize this disease in developing countries and assess the long-term functional sequelae in survivors.

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The management of cystic lymphangiomas (CL), especially in the head and neck region, presents challenges to the pediatric surgeon. This is a retrospective study of all children seen with lymphangioma at the Pediatric Surgical Unit of the Jos University Teaching Hospital from 1996 to 2004. There were 27 children, 14 (51.9%) were males and 13 (48.1%) were females (M:F = 1.2:1), with ages ranging from 2 days to 5 years (median 5 months). Majority (84.6%) of the patients were below 1 year. The head and neck region was the most frequent site of involvement. There were three cases of lymphangioma circumscriptum. Six (54.5%) of the 11 children with cervical CL presented with complications including infection in 4, respiratory obstruction in 3, ulcerated lesion in 1 and intracystic hemorrhage with rapid increase in cyst size in 1. Twenty-three children had either surgical excision or marsupialization. The main complications were wound infections and respiratory obstructions, which led to five deaths. Six children had recurrences, some of which occurred at sites which were normal at the initial or previous excision. The mortality rate was high (34.8%), mainly due to respiratory obstruction and asphyxia in the head and neck lesions. Head and neck region was the most commonly involved site by CL. The management of CL at this site is associated with significant morbidity and a high rate of mortality.

The records of 168 children managed for burns in a teaching hospital in northwestern Nigeria, between April 1998 and March 2003, were assessed to determine the factors that are responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality in paediatric burns. The causes of burns were hot water in 86 cases (51.2%), flame in 45 (26.8%), hot soup in 32 (19%) and electricity in five (3%). The main complications were wound infections in 109 (64.9%) patients, anaemia in 68 (40.5%), malnutrition in 54 (32.1%), contracture in 50 (29.8%), persistent hypothermia in 27 (16.1%), tetanus in 14 (8.3%) and one case (0.6%) of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding, possibly as a result of Curling's ulcer.