This study is centered on automatic mapping approach to identify and count coconut trees in the municipality of San Fernando, Cebu for the purpose of source mapping for viable sustainable construction materials. Through the employment of theories and applications of Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA), a rule set was developed in eCognition Developer to automatically identify and count coconut trees in orchards. The data used in the rule set were the red, green and blue (RGB) spectral bands of the orthophoto with a spatial resolution of 0.50m, and the Normalized Digital Surface Elevation (NDSM) with a spatial resolution of 1.0m. The mapping approach yielded an overall accuracy, user accuracy and producer accuracy of 71.19%, 78.82% and 88.02%, respectively. The run time of automatic detection of the coconut trees in the sampling area was recorded to be 30 seconds, taking a significantly shorter amount of time than visually analysing the area with a recorded time of 90 minutes. The application of the developed rule set to the entire municipality resulted in 96, 099 detected coconut trees with Barangay Cabatbatan having the highest tree count of 36, 621 in a land area of 19.336 square kilometres.
To date, there is no defined criterion for measuring the compressive strength of PC due to the variation of voids present. This study introduced an alternative approach which investigates the cement paste distribution expecting to produce a mix that forms a uniform paste distribution. The experiments were carried out through two different aggregate sizes and five different water-to-cement (W/C) ratio design mixes while maintaining a constant aggregate-tobinder ratio. The control specimen with a W/C ratio of 0.33 was used for both aggregate size mix designs. A wax coating method to determine specific surface area of aggregate developed by L. Xiao et al. was utilized in cement paste distribution computations. The data from the cement paste distribution tests indicated that varying W/C ratios had no significance on cement distribution. However, results showed that the 3/8” mix series with higher specific aggregate surface area resulted to a more well distributed and thinner cement paste thickness. The results from the compression and permeability tests showed that these two functional properties are inversely proportional. The W/C ratio that provided balance between strength and permeability while having uniform cement paste distribution is between 0.33 to 0.36 for both aggregate sizes.
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