Efficient utilization of fatty acids to sustain prolonged physical efforts is thought to be dependent on the carnitine shuttle of muscle. A study has been carried out in 24 athletes (13 long-distance runners and 11 sprinters). These subjects received placebo or L-carnitine (1 g/orally b.i.d.) during a 6-month period of training. In endurance athletes, training induced lowering of total and free muscle carnitine. Increase of esterified muscle carnitine was also observed. Post-exertional overflow of acetylcarnitine and long-chain acylcarnitine, as well as reduction of the free fraction was also noticed in the blood. Fasting plasma carnitine levels, however, were not affected in carnitine-treated athletes at rest. These changes were likely related with the significantly increased urinary excretion of esterified and total carnitine which occurred after physical exercise. In the sprinters only, a decrease in free and total carnitine of muscle was detected after training. Both these potentially unfavorable effects were prevented by oral administration of L-carnitine. Our data suggest that training in endurance athletes, and to a lesser extent, in sprinters, is associated with a decrease in free and total carnitine of muscle, due to an increased overflow of short-chain carnitine esters in urine.
Objectives: To evaluate the antibiofilm and antibacterial effects of a new brushing solution concept, in a validated peri-implant biofilm model. Materials and Methods:A multispecies in vitro biofilm model, including Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella parvula, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, was used. To evaluate the antibiofilm capacity, titanium discs (Ti-SLA) were immersed in 1 ml of the tested solution (one tablet dissolved in warm water) for 2 min, prior and every 24 h during a 3day biofilm development. Negative (water) and positive (0.12% chlorhexidine/0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse) controls treated discs were run in parallel. To evaluate the antibacterial effects, planktonic cells and 72-h biofilms on sterile Ti-SLA discs were exposed (2 min) to the mentioned treatments. Biofilm structure was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacterial load was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and by culture in planktonic cells. Results:The tested product showed antibiofilm effects, impacting on the 48-h and 72-h biofilm thickness and significantly reducing viability of all bacterial species, except A. actinomycetemcomitans. Antibacterial effects were observed against the six bacterial species in planktonic state and in 72-h biofilms, especially for F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Conclusion:The tested brushing solution demonstrated antibacterial and antibiofilm properties, mainly against the peri-implant pathogens included in the validated in vitro biofilm model used.
Endosalpingiosis is defined by the presence of benign glands lined with tubal-type ciliated epithelium without endometrial stroma. 1-3 We report a rare case of endosalpingiosis in choledochal duct that was an incidental finding. The patient was a healthy, obese, 30-year-old, gravida 1, para 1 woman with vomiting and epigastric colicky pain, radiating to the back, for the previous 2 weeks. She was also jaundiced. The patient denied fever or weight loss. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) were performed, which showed a 2.5-cm cystic mass near the distal common duct with proximal biliary dilatation. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was normal. Cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiography was performed and, once again, the common bile duct was found to not be in communication with the cystic mass. To remove the mass, we excised the distal common bile duct and performed a choledochoduodenal anastomosis. Histologic examination revealed a fibrous wall lined by ciliated tubal-type epithelium with 3 cell types: ciliated cylindrical, secretory, and intercalated cells. No endometrial-type stroma, nuclear pleomorphism, or mitotic figures were found (Fig). The literature suggests that symptoms of endosalpingiosis vary greatly among patients, from totally asymptomatic to noncyclic suprapubic pain and tenderness, abdominal mass, and gross hematuria, intestinal obstruction, and jaundice, such as we report Lesions of endosalpingiosis have been found in many organs of the abdomen and pelvis but have never been described in the chodedochal duct. There are only limited data available regarding the frequency of borderline malignant changes in these patients. Hesseling and Wilde 4 found only 1 patient with endosalpingiosis borderline malignant changes in 16 of 84 patients studied. 5 It seems that this condition is more likely to occur when in conjunction with endocervicitis. Importantly, endosalpingiosis tends to recur, sometimes multiple times, and may be closely located to a prior resection. 1-3 Regardless if symptoms, long-term follow-up is useful with an ultrasonography or CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis to identify possible recurrence.
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