Background Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea of cucumber immature fruits is the most epidemic fungal diseases causing significantly losses of fruits during development on cucumber plant in winter season. Material and methods Crude and nanoemulsions of clove, black seed, lemon and orange essential oils at (5000 ppm) and also different formulations of clove, black seed and lemon oils nanoemulsions as single or in combination were tested against mycelial linear growth of B. cinerea (MF996363) as well sclerotial formation and pathological activity on the development of germinated seeds of cucumber. Results Essential oils nanoemulsion formulation of clove + black seed (2:1) at 5000 ppm was the best formulation significantly reduced mycelia linear growth of B. cinerea by 61.0% followed by 28% formulation (1:1) and (1:2). In addition, nanoemulsions formulations of clove, black seed essential oils (2:1) were highly reduced the count of sclerotial formation of B. cinerea and completely (100%) suppress seed rot and seedling mortality of cucumber followed by nanoemulsion of clove only. Conclusions Foliar application of nanoemulsion formulation of clove + black seeds is promising than fungicides (Topsin M-70) in controlling grey mould on cucumber fruits caused by B. cinerea in plastic greenhouse with no phytotoxicity on cucumber plants.
Effect of some chemicals (Pesticides) using various concentrations and some biological sources on radial growth of some soil-borne fungi (Pathogenic fungi) with two antagonistic fungi was studied The trail was done in vitro by growing infested agar discs on PDA containing various concentrations of the chemical pesticides, i.e. fungicide, herbicide, nematicide and insecticide. The biological sources were antibiotics, and plant originated oils. The effects of three concentrations of each group were tested against six soil-borne fungal pathogens. The data obtained gave some attractive results, the fungicide vitavax 300and herbicide afalon showed strong inhibitory effect on all pathogenic and antagonistic fungi in the three concentrations. The effects of the tested nematicide and insecticide were low when compared with the effect of the tested fungicide in the same trail, the lowest effect of the medium dose was obtained from Vydate on Verticillium albatrum with Trichoderma harzianum, the growth reduction percentages were (5.7-0.0); while the highest effect was obtained from Vydate on Pythium debaryanum with T.Legnorum (37.5-16.0). The medium dose of hostathion (insecticide) gave low inhibitory effect against Verticilliun alboatrum with T.Legnorum (6.7-0.0), while the highest effect was obtained from hostathion on Rhizoctionia solani with T.harzianum .The canestien gave very serious fungicidal effect against all treated soil-borne fungi with two antagonistic fungi, it was noticed that the reduction percentages using medium dose ranging between (75.0-92.0) was in the case of Pythium debaryanum and (88.9-92.6) in the case of R-solani with T.Legnorum ,( 73.3-91.10) in the case Pythium debaryanum and (88.6-92.9) in the case R.solani with T.harzianum.The tested antibiotic the chlorotetracyclin gave low inhibitory effect when compared with canestien. The plant originated oils treatments gave low and moderate effect in general, the highest effect was obtained from the garlic oil at low medium and high dose giving(61.5-42.0),(64.1-44.0) and (69.2-48.0) reduction in the radial growth percentages of R.solani with T.Legnorum, while the best results were obtained from mustard oil treatment giving reduction percentages of (37.5-10.0),(50.0-20)and(50.0-20.0)respectively with P-debaryanum with T-legnorum.
In greenhouse trial all tested cucumber cultivars differed in their response to downy mildew infection.Bingo, EL-Nimir and EL-Afdal cvs. were highly susceptible by 65.1, 60.2 and 53.3% respectively, while Magdi cv. was the least susceptible one (10.4%). In addition, the least susceptible (Magdi cv.) was found superior to all other cvs. with respect to greater plant height, fresh and dry weight, the percentage of flowering (87.4%), while fruit yield average was (42.7Kg) and gaving the minimum percentage of leaf infection (9.1%).Total sugars were higher in the healthy plants of the highly susceptible cultivar than that in the least susceptible the P. cubensis infection decreased the total sugars in both cultivars.Due to P. cubensis infection the total phenols were increased in both cultivars tested. Total phenols were higher in leaves of the least susceptible cv. than that in the highly susceptible one.Total free amino acids content was higher in the healthy plant of the highly susceptible cv. than that of the least susceptible one P. cubensis infection decreased the total free amino acids in both cvs.Both chlorophyll and carotene contents in healthy leaves of the least susceptible cv. were lower than that of the highly susceptible one. P. cubensis infection decreased the content of chlorophyll and carotene in both cvs.
Early blight (EB), caused by fungus Alternaria solani Sorauer, is a destructive disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Egypt and elsewhere. Sources of genetic resistance have been identified within tomato related wild species, so, the resistance wild accession TL00970 from the AVRDC was crossed with three susceptible varieties (Castle Rock , Super marmande, Floradad) to produce three crosses (TL00970x castle rock ,TL00970 x Super Marmande and TL00970xFloradad ) . The genitors, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 of the three crosses were used to study the inheritance of resistance Alternaria solani and to estimate the genetic parameters associated with resistance. Mean analysis, the F1 hybrids had severity at the end of epidemic values intermediary between those for the parents susceptible and the parent's resistant genitors the values were closer to the parent's susceptible genitors indicates that dominance was predominant over susceptibility, and not for resistance. Also, Mean analysis resulted in a more importance of the genic effect due to dominance, also, both additive, dominance and Epistatic (aa,ad, dd) effects were involved in early blight resistance . The analysis of variance resulted in the estimated additive variance was more important than the variance due to dominance deviations. The estimates of heritability in broad and narrow sense were low, revealed the magnitude of the environmental factors on the total variation. The data revealed that early blight resistance was quantitatively controlled by more than one gene.
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