The correlation between the traits allows making an indirect selection, while the selection according to one trait results in the selection of another indicator. The purpose of the work is to estimate the variability of quantitative traits of Sudan grass and the correlations between them, to identify marker traits of high productivity and quality of green mass. There have been presented the study results of 115 collection samples of Sudan grass with various environmental and geographical origin of the Rostov region made in 2014-2018. There was a great variability (V=29.7-50.0%) in tillering, leaf square, green mass yield, stem diameter, plant height among the studied varieties. The percentage of fiber and nitrogen-free extractive substances in the green mass of the studied Sudanese grass samples were characterized with high stability (V = 4.9-5.0%). The analysis has identified a strong correlation between green mass productivity and leaf length (r=0.59±0.01), leaf width (r=0.57±0.02), leaf square (r=0.54±0.03), plant height (r=0.48±0.06), length of ‘vegetation-ear formation’ period (r=0.48±0.004) and number of leaves (r=0.42±0.03). There has been identified a group of samples ‘Boldinsky’, ‘Fioros’, ‘К-176’, ‘К-205, ‘К-272’ with 35-55 t/ha green mass productivity and with 20.5-24.5% dry matter in green mass. The conducted analysis has shown that dry matter percentage greatly correlates with plant height (r=0.30±0.001), vegetation period (r=0.34±0.004) and number of leaves (r=0.26±0.006). The markers of high productivity and quality of green mass are length of a vegetation period and number of leaves (their increase results in the growth of green mass yields), dry matter percentage in green mass and protein decrease in it.
Sweet sorghum hybrids F1 in productivity can surpass the parental forms on 50-60%. Thus the breeding process is aimed to develop first generation hybrids with a strong potential of productivity and quality of green mass and silage. The purpose of the work is to study heritability and heterosis of the quantitative traits of sweet sorghum hybrids F1 obtained on a sterile basis. The study was conducted in 2013-2015 on the lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (‘A-63’, ‘Knyazhna’, ‘APV-1115), the varieties (‘Listvenit’, ‘Severnoe 44’, ‘Zernogradskoe 454’, ‘Stavropolskoe 36’, ‘Galiya’ and ‘Larets’) and the hybrids. The inheritance of green mass productivity and absolutely dry matter, the length of a vegetation period, plant height and leaf formation (foliage), protein content in dry matter of the hybrids occurred according to the type of dominance and overdominance. It has been determined that while choosing the parental forms for hybridization it’s essential to select the forms with differences in the vegetation period of 4-6 days to avoid the dominance of late maturity. The height pollinator increase results in the hybrid height increase and large heterosis. It’s necessary to select the parental forms with maximum foliage to improve leaf formation in the hybrids.
Sorghum is one of the most adaptable and undemanding forage crops cultivated in arid zones. The crop is characterized with high quality foliage, which can be used in fodder production in various forms (both in single-crop silage and in multi-crop mixtures). The purpose of the current study was to estimate the variability of the main productivity elements of sweet sorghum green mass depending on weather indicators. The initial material was presented by 180 collection samples of sweet sorghum from Russia, the USA and Ukraine. There have been used conventional breeding methods, such as hybridization, selection and inbreeding. The weather conditions during the study years of 2017–2021 were contrasting. The hydrothermal coefficient for the vegetation period of sorghum indicates that the year of 2018 was the driest one (HThC = 0.38). The variability coefficient of collection samples of sweet sorghum according to green mass productivity has shown a strong variability of this indicator (V = 27–35%). The green mass productivity had a close direct correlation with the length of a leaf (0.73±0.05) and an average correlation with its width (0.61±0.06). The variability coefficient has shown that the samples of sorghum collection had an average variability according to the traits ‘leaf length’ (V = 15.3%) and ‘leaf width’ (V = 11.8%), and were stable according to the trait ‘number of leaves per plant’ (V = 7.4%). Correlation and regression analysis has shown that ‘leaf length’ had an average inverse correlation with air temperature (r = –0.42±0.06) and a strong direct correlation with precipitation (r = 0.78±0.05). The trait ‘leaf width’ is practically independent of weather conditions. The number of leaves had an average negative correlation with air temperature (r = –0.55±0.06), and a weak correlation with amount of precipitation. A leaf length and width are marker indicators of high productivity, so they can be used in plant selection for productivity.
Introduction. In order to realize productive potential of any crop, a variety is of great importance. There is a number of requirements imposed on modern varieties, including not only productivity and quality, but alsocompliance with environmental and climatic conditions, resistance to unfavorable conditions, adaptability to mechanized harvesting. The purpose of the current work was to identify effective methods for developing sweet sorghum varieties, to estimate the sweet sorghum varieties developed by the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”” according to productivity and quality of green mass for silage. Methods. The paper presents the study results on the development and research of new sweet sorghum varieties in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”” (Rostov region) through the years 2019–2021. The soil was an ordinary carbonate chernozem, with 3.6 % of humus in the arable layer. The objects of the study were sweet sorghum varieties. The ways to conduct trials, soil tillage and cultivation, as well as zootechnical analysis of green mass were determined according to generally accepted methods. Results. When developing a new variety, a number of characteristicsneeds to be taken into account according to which breeding is carried out from year to year, namely suitability for mechanized harvesting, stem succulence, tillering, stem diameter, length of a vegetation period, sugar content in stem sap, productivity and its main elements, etc. There are such methods for developing sweet sorghum varieties in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”” as hybridization, incubation and selection of constant forms. As a result of the breeding work, there has been developed a number of varieties. In the State List there are 5 varieties of the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy””. Green mass productivity of the new varieties Yuzhnoe and Feniks was 36 and 42 t/ha, respectively. The sugar-protein ratio of the variety Feniks was normal (1.1 : 1). Silage is recommended to be combined with protein cultures. The yield of exchangeable energy in green mass for silage (for cattle) obtained from new sweet sorghum varieties was 13.5–14.1 MJ/ha.
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