The relationship between late normal tissue radiation injury phenotypes in 167 breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and: (i) radiotherapy dose (boost); (ii) an early acute radiation reaction and (iii) genetic background was examined. Patients were genotyped at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight candidate genes. An early acute reaction to radiation and/or the inheritance of the transforming growth factor-b1 (TGFb1 À509T) SNP contributed to the risk of fibrosis. In contrast, an additional 15 Gy electron boost and/or the inheritance of X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1) (R399Q) SNP contributed to the risk of telangiectasia. Although fibrosis, telangiectasia and atrophy, all contribute to late radiation injury, the data suggest that they have distinct underlying genetic and radiobiological causes. Fibrosis risk is associated with an inflammatory response (an acute reaction and/ or TGFb1), whereas telangiectasia is associated with vascular endothelial cell damage (boost and/or XRCC1). Atrophy is associated with an acute response, but the genetic predisposing factors that determine the risk of an acute response or atrophy have yet to be identified. A combined analysis of two UK breast cancer patient studies shows that 8% of patients are homozygous (TT) for the TGFb1 (C-509T) variant allele and have a 15-fold increased risk of fibrosis following radiotherapy (95% confidence interval: 3.76 -60.3; P ¼ 0.000003) compared with (CC) homozygotes.
Three rates of phosphate (0, 25, and 60 kg/ha P 2 O 5 ) were applied to phosphorus-deficient native grassland at Tel Hadya, in northern Syria, and biomass productivity, botanical composition and number of legume seeds in the soil were monitored for five seasons (1984/85-1988/89). The experiment was grazed at low (0-8 sheep/ha per year) and high (1-7 sheep/ha per year) stocking rates from the second to the fourth seasons of the experiment; in the fifth season, the low and high stocking rates were increased to 11 and 2-3 sheep/ha per year, respectively. The experimental site was typical of native grassland within the cereal zone of west Asia, where cropping is not possible because of shallow, stony soils and steep slopes.The results showed that annual applications of phosphorus, even as low as 25 kg P 2 O 6 /ha, alleviated the deficiency in soil P and resulted in improved pasture production, even in dry years. Legume production showed the greatest response to P, increasing by 0-3-3 times the production of the control treatments. By the fifth season, legume seed mass had increased threefold and number of seeds sixfold in the P-treated plots, compared with the first season, while in the control plots there was little change. Rain-use efficiency on the P-treated plots was more than double that of the controls by the fourth and fifth seasons.Practical application of the results depends on whether (i) legumes are as frequent in native grasslands, as a whole, as they are at Tel Hadya, (ii) the P deficiency observed at Tel Hadya is widespread, and (iii) grazing of communally owned grasslands can be controlled. It is suggested that all three criteria will often be fulfilled and, therefore, that grassland productivity in west Asia could be substantially increased. Furthermore, the results suggest that above-ground cover and soil organic matter will also increase after P application, both of which will help to reduce soil erosion and thereby increase the sustainability of livestock production in west Asia.
S U M M A R YMixtures of legumes and cereals in various proportions (seed ratios) were evaluated in Northern Syria for forage production and quality and for yield of barley grain in the following year. Both a vetch-cereal and pea-cereal mix were tested in proportions of 0:100, 33:66, 50:50, 66:33 and 100:0. The study was carried out between 1982 and 1985, covering two seasons for forage production and two for grain production. Dry matter yields of the mixtures exceeded the yield of either one or both components of the mixture grown as pure stands, depending on the rainfall. The maximum overall yield and quality of forage was recorded for the 66:33 legumecereal combination. The greatest benefit to subsequent barley grain yield was realized when the legume was grown in a pure stand or formed a high proportion (66:33) of the mixture. Herbage quality was better in forages containing vetch than in those containing pea. R E S U M E N -S U M A R I OSe evaluaron, en Siria del Norte, mezclas de legumbres y cereales en varias proporciones (tasas de semillas) para produccion de forraje asi como calidad y rendimiento de grano de cebada en el ano siguiente. Se experimento con una mezcla de cereal de chi'charo con cereal de alverja en proporciones de 0:100, 33:66, 50:50, 66:33 y 100:0. El estudio se llevo a cabo entre los anos 1982 y 1985, cubriendo dos estaciones para produccion de forraje y dos estaciones para produccion de granos. Dependiendo de la cantidad de lluvia cai'da, el rendimiento de materia seca de las mezclas excedio el rendimiento, ya sea de uno o de los dos componentes de la mezcla cuando fueron cultivados individualmente. En su conjunto el maximo rendimiento y calidad de forraje se registro en la combination legumbre-cereal en la proportion 66:33. El mayor beneficio para el rendimiento de grano de cebada subsiguiente, se produjo cuando la legumbre se cultivo en forma individual o cuando constitui'a una alta proporcion de la mezcla (66:33). La calidad del herbaje fue mejor en forrajes que conteni'an alverjas que en aquellos que contenian chicharos.
SUMMARYMeasurements were made of the recovery and germination rates of seed of eight species of annual medic (Medicago spp.) and three of clover (Trifolium spp.) after ingestion by sheep. Recovery of medic seed was measured as the number of seeds collected from faeces after feeding, in addition to a basal diet, either (i) 200 g of pods at a single meal, or (ii) a quantity of pods estimated to contain 30000 seeds at a single meal or (iii) 200 g of pods daily for 21 days. Only the first method was applied to the clovers.There were large differences (P < 0·001) in seed recovery between species, from < 2% to nearly 20% in medics, and up to 59% in T. campestre, which has low single-seed mass. Although there was a curvilinear decrease in seed recovery as single-seed mass increased (r2 = 0·80), the high recovery of M. rotata, a fairly large-seeded species, suggests that there are important differences between species, irrespective of seed size.When 200 g of medic pods was offered to sheep at a single meal, mean seed recovery was slightly lower than when 200 g of medic pods was offered daily for 21 days. Seed recovery of medics was much higher (P < 0·001) when 30000 seeds were offered at one meal.Germination rate before ingestion was 1·9–6·5% (P < 0·001) for hard-seeded medics and 2·7–9·7% (P < 0·001) for clovers with low single-seed mass; passage through the digestive tract increased (P < 0·001) germination rate in both medics and clovers.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.