This work studied the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) chemically modified with maleic anhydride (MA) through reactions in solution, using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. Quantities of the grafted MA were determined by the titration of carboxylic acid groups derived from the anhydride functions. Estimation of the grafted MA level was also performed by using IR absorbance ratio. Increases in reaction time led to higher levels of grafted MA. The effects of three different PVCs grafted with maleic anhydride (PVC-g-MAs) types on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PVC/alfa (fiber) composites were examined. The interfacial properties between fiber and PVC were improved after the addition of PVC-g-MA, as was evident from SEM morphology study. Enhancements of the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the PVC-g-MAtreated composites were strongly dependent on the amount of MA grafts. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:225-232,
The main objective of this article is to study the effect of coupled mode free convection with surface radiation on the fluid flow behavior inside a tilted solar collector having a flat glass cover and a wavy bottom absorber. The cavity is subject to vertical gradient temperature while its top sidewalls remain thermally insulated. The dimensionless governing equations under Boussinesq approximation are coupled with a radiative model through the boundary conditions and solved by the Finite Volume Method. The numerical results are discussed in terms of streamlines, isotherms, convective and radiative Nusselt number along the cover plate for various aspect ratios, inclination angle, emissivity and Rayleigh number. These results highlighted the condition of the enclosure performance and revealed that the heat and fluid flow fields are affected by surface radiation and the above parameters. In the end, correlations for predicating the convection heat loss in term of averaged Nusselt numbers are developed in both pure free convection and coupled convection-surface radiation modes.
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