Τ he empty-nest syndrome is a transitional stage, when middle-aged parents are in the process of encouraging their children to take up their obligations as adults. The empty-nest syndrome is a psychological condition that affects both parents, who experience feelings of grief, loss, fear, inability, difficulty in adjusting roles, and change of parental relationships, when children leave the parental home. Τhis syndrome has gained special interest in a world where the current economic crisis has not only deepened global poverty but also a crisis of values reflected in the dynamic model of the family. The purpose of this review was to appraise the impact of psychosocial stress of the empty-nest syndrome on the parents' well-being through the years, during the current socioeconomic crisis, taking into account gender, national and cultural background, socio-demographic and other context factors. We addressed the phenomenon of the "Boomerang Kids" and crowded nests as a result of current financial instability. Finally, we focused on the strategies which the family can employ to retain their resilience, according to the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping Family resilience framework and self-efficacy models. A literature review was conducted using web-based search engines provided by Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane and PsychINFO. The term "empty nest syndrome'' was combined with women, men, economic crisis, parenthood, stress, menopause, midlife crisis, Boomerang kids, crowded nets, resilience, self-efficacy, wellbeing, and cultural differences. Women and men from diverse cultural groups have a different experience of the empty nest, as well as ways of coping. Distress caused by empty nest results in the incidence of symptoms of depression, behavioral symptoms and cognitive impairment. In most of studies, low marital quality and lack of social support affected negatively on a parent's well-being particularly for those experiencing the return of their "Boomerang kids". However, the financial crisis can transform an empty-nest into a "dynamic nest" by community health promotion services. Social support programs should be designed to strengthen family resource and improve family well-being.
Background: Swallowing is an important function for life sustenance but our understanding of its neural organization in the human cortex is not yet fully explored. Electroencephalography is a functional neuroimaging modality that already has and could further contribute to that direction. In this review, we have sought to gather and present findings from studies that used the EEG on healthy individuals for the investigation of the cortical mechanisms that moderate deglutition. Methods and Materials: Four databases were searched for studies that used the EEG as their main research modality on healthy individuals and administered various stimuli for them to swallow. The risk of bias assessment of the studies was conducted using the NIH rating scale for observational studies. Results: Our search yielded 393 studies in total and nine of them were included in the final discussion. The risk of bias assessment showed good quality of the studies. The nine studies were presented in a table following an adapted PICOS outline depicting the population, the comparisons, the means of measurement and the outcomes. Conclusions: Researchers studied the morphology of the signal before, during and after the swallow and its discrepancies in frequency in relation to stimuli alterations. Discrepancies in methodology and concordance with previous research are discussed.
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