Introduction: Aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) inpatients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2). Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, including coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who developed VAP from March to May 2020 (VAP COVID-19). They were compared to non-COVID-19 patients who developed VAP from January 2011 to December 2019 (VAP NO COVID-19) and COVID-19 patients who did not develop VAP (NO VAP COVID-19). Results: Overall, 42 patients were included in the VAP COVID-19group, 37 in the NO VAP COVID-19 group, and 188 in the VAP NO COVID-19 group. VAP COVID-19 had significantly higher rates of shock (71% vs. 48%, p = 0.009), death in ICU (52% vs. 30%, p = 0.011), VAP recurrence (28% vs. 4%, p < 0.0001), positive blood culture (26% vs. 13%, p = 0.038), and polymicrobial culture (28% vs. 13%, p = 0.011) than VAP NO COVID-19. At the multivariate analysis, death in patients with VAP was associated with shock (p = 0.032) and SARS-Cov2 (p = 0.008) infection. Conclusions: VAP in COVID-19 patients is associated with shock, bloodstream, and polymicrobial infections.
Although review of antibiotic therapy is recommended to optimize antibiotic use, physicians do not always perform it. This trial aimed to evaluate the impact of a systematic postprescription review performed by antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) infectious disease physicians (IDP) on the quality of in-hospital antibiotic use. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, parallel-group trial using the PROBE (Prospective Randomized Open-label Blinded Endpoint) methodology was conducted in eight surgical or medical wards of four hospitals. Two hundred forty-six patients receiving antibiotic therapy prescribed by ward physicians for less than 24 hours were randomized to receive either a systematic review by the ASP IDP at day 1 and days 3 to 4 (intervention group, n = 123) or no systematic review (usual care, n = 123). The primary outcome measure was appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy, a composite score of appropriateness of antibiotic use at days 3 to 4 and appropriate treatment duration, adjudicated by a blinded committee. Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. In the intervention group, appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy was more frequent (55/123, 44.7% vs. 35/123, 28.5%; odds ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval 1.20-3.45). Antibiotic treatment duration was lower in the intervention group (median (interquartile range) 7 (3-9) days vs. 10 (7-12) days; p 0.003). ASP IDP counseling to change therapy was more frequent at days 3 to 4 than at day 1 (114/123; 92.7% vs. 24/123; 19.5%, p <0.001). Clinical outcome was similar between groups. This study suggests that a systematic postprescription antibiotic review performed at days 1 and 3 to 4 results in higher quality of antibiotic use and lower antibiotic duration. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01136200).
The objective of this study was to assess the impact on carbapenems use of a program combining pre-authorization requirement and systematic post-prescription review of carbapenems prescriptions. The program was implemented in a 1,230-bed teaching tertiary hospital. Monthly carbapenems consumption was analyzed using a controlled interrupted time-series method and compared to that of vancomycin before and after implementation of the intervention. Compared to the pre-intervention period (14 monthly points), a significant and sustained decrease of carbapenems consumption [1.66 defined daily doses (DDD)/1,000 patient-days; p = 0.048] was observed during the intervention period (12 monthly points), despite an increasing trend in incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) isolates (0.02/1,000 patient-days per month; p = 0.093). As expected, vancomycin consumption was unaffected by the intervention. A total of 337 prescriptions were reviewed in the intervention period; most were microbiologically documented (81.3%; ESBL-PE: 39.2%). Three of four (76.6%) carbapenems prescriptions were modified within a median [interquartile range] of 2 [1; 4] days, either after infectious disease physician (IDP) advice (48.4%) or by ward physicians (28.2%). Most changes included de-escalating (52.2%) or reducing the planned duration (22.2%), which resulted in a median duration of treatment of only 3 [2; 7] days. The median length of stay and mortality rate were not influenced by the intervention. This reasonably practicable antimicrobial stewardship program including controlled delivery and systematic reevaluation of carbapenems prescriptions was able to reduce their use in our hospital, despite a rising ESBL-PE incidence.
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