Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide. According to the time when postpartum hemorrhage develops, it is classified as (a) primary, or early, postpartum hemorrhage (within the first 24 hours after delivery) or (b) secondary, or late, postpartum hemorrhage (>24 hours to 6 weeks after delivery). Primary postpartum hemorrhage may be caused by uterine atony (75%-90% of cases), trauma of the lower portion of the genital tract, uterine rupture, uterine inversion, bladder flap hematoma, retention of blood clots or placental fragments, and coagulation disorders. Secondary postpartum hemorrhage may be caused by uterine subinvolution, coagulopathies, and abnormalities of the uterine vasculature. Extrauterine sources of bleeding include rectus sheath hematoma, direct arterial injuries, and the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome. Severe postpartum hemorrhage is a life-threatening condition that is diagnosed on the basis of the findings from clinical examination, with or without ultrasonography. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging are useful in the characterization of postpartum hemorrhage when medical treatment fails. Multidetector CT has an important role when intraabdominal bleeding is suspected and can be considered in cases of recurrent bleeding after embolization, as well as for the evaluation of postsurgical complications. A proposed clinical and CT imaging algorithm for postpartum hemorrhage is presented. A multidisciplinary approach to postpartum hemorrhage is essential to optimize the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology in obstetric hemorrhage, to avoid hysterectomy and thus preserve fertility.

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Purpose: Microwave (MWA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are main ablative techniques for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal liver metastasis (MT). This randomized phase 2 clinical trial compares the effectiveness of MWA and RFA in medium-sized liver tumors.Methods: HCC and MT patients with 1.5 to 4 cm tumors suitable for ablation were randomized into MWA or RFA Groups. The primary endpoints were primary technical success (TS) and local tumor progression (LTP) rate after a 2-year follow-up. Secondary endpoints were safety and overall survival. Results: Between June 2015 and April 2020, 82 patients were randomly assigned (41 patients per group). For the per-protocol analysis, three patients were excluded. Median follow-up was 27 months (MWA group) and 23 months (RFA Group). The TS was achieved in 98% (46/47) and 90 % (45/50) (p=0.108), and LTP was observed in 21% (10/47) vs. 12% (6/50) (OR 1.9 [95% CI 0.66-5.3], p=0.238) of tumors in the MWA and RFA Group, respectively. Major complications were found in 5 cases (11%) in the MWA Group vs. 2 cases (4%) in RFA, without statistical significance. MWA created larger ablation zones than RFA (p=0.036).Conclusion: MWA and RFA show similar effectiveness and safety in medium-sized liver tumors (1.5-4 cm).

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