Hvmo foetus est anima-rirtns which Bossuet has expressed in the celebrated formula: "Soul and body form a natural whole." A second objection raised against animism is that the soul acts consciously, with reflection, and with volition, and that its essential attributes are not found in most physiological phenomena, which, on the contrary are automatic, involuntary, and unconscious. The contradictory nature of these characteristics has obliged vitalists to conceive of a vital principle distinct from thought Chaufiard, agreeing here with 12 LIFE AND DEATH. Boullier, Tissot, and Stahl himself, does not accept this distinction ; he refuses to shatter the unity of the vivifying and thinking principle. He prefers to attribute to the soul two modes of action : the one which is exercised on the acts of thought, and hence it proceeds consciously, with reflection, and with volition ; the other exercising control over the physiological phenomena which it governs, " by unconscious impressions, and by instinctive determinations, obeying primordial laws." This soul is hardly in keeping with his definition of a conscious, reflecting, and voluntary principle; it is a new soul, a somatic soul, singularly akin to that racJiidian soul which, according to Pfliiger, a well-known German physiologist, resides in each segment of the spinal marrow, and is responsible for reflex movements. Twofold Modality of the Soul. attributed to R. Mayer than to Seguin. The real modern authors of the principle of the conservation of energy, who gave an experimental proof of it, are Colding, of Copenhagen, and Joule, of Manchester.
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