Indigenous cover crops have the potential to promote an increase in natural enemies providing fortuitous control of pest species and other ecosystem services. We test this idea in a vineyard in south eastern Australia, where reduced water availability because of drought coupled with increased temperatures has generated interest in sustainable alternatives to the exotic perennial cover crops commonly planted. Three endemic perennial cover crops, comprising the grasses Austrodanthonia richardsonii and Chloris truncata and a mix of two saltbushes (Atriplex semibaccata and Atriplex suberecta) were established as cover crops and compared with introduced oats (Avena sativa). Abundance of a range of predators and parasitoids was higher in vines with native cover crops compared with the oat control. In addition, predation levels of sentinel eggs of a common vineyard pest, light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), were increased in the native cover crops. However, the native cover crops also increased the abundance of some potential pest species. Native plants therefore have potential to increase abundance of beneficial invertebrates that assist in pest control, but need to be used carefully to ensure that they do not increase local pest problems.
Fruitspotting bugs, Amblypelta nitida Stål, and A. lutescens lutescens Distant (Hemiptera: Coreidae), are polyphagous, native Australian pests of a wide range of tropical and subtropical fruit and nut crops. Both species occur predominantly along Australia's eastern coastline, A. nitida from c. 17°S-35°S and A. l. lutescens from c. 11°S-27°S, and as such, they are distributed across some of Australia's most important horticultural regions. Adults are cryptic and highly mobile, making population monitoring within affected tree crops difficult. Nymphs and adults inject salivary sucrase into plant tissue while feeding; this causes significant damage to fruiting structures and often renders them unsaleable. Despite their economic importance, many aspects of fruitspotting bug biology and ecology remain understudied; their chemical ecology, host-plant relationships, movements into, out of and within crops, and interactions with natural enemies are poorly understood. Currently, control of both species relies on applications of synthetic broad-spectrum insecticides, and the recent withdrawal of endosulfan has resulted in an increased use of more disruptive compounds. This paper reviews current knowledge of fruitspotting bug biology and ecology, and the strategies that are currently employed for control. Importantly, a synthetic lure based on some of the volatile compounds emitted by male A. l. lutescens has recently been developed and incorporated into a prototype trap. The device offers a promising new approach to population monitoring and the development of integrated management strategies for this species. Areas of research critical to the development of sustainable management strategies for fruitspotting bugs include: (1) host-plant relationships between fruitspotting bugs and their crop and non-crop host plants;(2) fruitspotting bug dispersal behaviour and movement patterns between and within crops, and between crops and non-crop vegetation; (3) methods for implementing biological control strategies; (4) utilising pheromone traps for monitoring and capture of fruitspotting bugs; and (5) screening of selective insecticides.
Fruitspotting bugs (FSB) Amblypelta nitida Stål and Amblypelta lutescens lutescens (Distant) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) are major native pests in subtropical and tropical horticultural crops in Australia and a key pest in avocado. The pest is known to cause significant damage to more than 25 different tree fruit and nut crops and some vine fruits through the coastal and subcoastal areas of Queensland, northern New South Wales, the Northern Territory and northwestern Western Australia. Current management is repeated applications of broad-spectrum insecticides, which is not sustainable in the long-term. This study, commenced in March 2011, is investigating an integrated approach including the following components: 1. Chemical control: A number of insecticides have been evaluated in laboratory and field trials. We are working towards availability of new chemicals for farmers. 2. Cultural control: Susceptibility of different cultivars and planting densities are investigated 3. Monitoring: Monitoring of FSB has been a challenge, but is crucial to strategic management. Two different monitoring tools have been investigated. i)Trap crops: Investigation of small hedges of highly attractive host plants as a monitoring tool. A technique and monitoring protocol for A. nitida has now been developed. ii) Pheromone traps: Pheromones have been investigated for both Amblypelta spp. A use pattern and a prototype of trap for A.l. lutescens have been developed and commercialisation of the trap is underway. 4. Biological control: Different natural enemies of FSB have been investigated including three species of FSB egg parasitoids to improve our understanding of their biology and ecology. Their biocontrol potential is being evaluated in small scale trials. 5. Area Wide Management (AWM): In order to allow management beyond farm level an area wide scale strategy is being developed and trialled with a pilot group of farmers. This study is finishing in April 2016 and outcomes of different components to date and long-term benefits to industries involved will be presented.
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