The article presents an overview of alien fish species living in cooling reservoirs of nuclear power plants and state district power stations in Central Russia. A brief description of recipient reservoirs is given as a habitat for thermophilic fish species that are not characteristic of the native ichthyofauna of the region. The essays on the history of the appearance of these species, the peculiarities of biology, occurrence in catches, and fishery significance in six small reservoirs of special water management located within the borders of the Moscow, Smolensk, Ryazan and Kursk regions of Russia are given. The main vectors of invasions of hydrobionts in cooling reservoirs for each alien species recorded as a result of ichthyological monitoring in this group of reservoirs are shown. The forecast of the dynamics of the number of alien fish species is given depending on changes in the thermal regime of reservoirs, the volume of stocking and the intensity of fishing in the cooling reservoirs of nuclear power plants and power plants of Central Russia.
Рассматривается вопрос формирования рыбного населения водохранилищ Тульской области. Дается краткая характеристика тульских водохранилищ и причины их интенсивной эфтрофикации. Приводятся данные по структуре сетных уловов, встречаемости и составу рыбного населения за продолжительный период наблюдений на этой группе водоемов. Описывается процесс расширения состава ихтиофауны водохранилищ за счет саморасселения новых для региона видов и преднамеренной акклиматизации. Кратко рассматриваются особенности рыболовства и проблемы биомелиорации на тульских водохранилищах. Ключевые слова: водохранилища, водоемы-охладители, рыбное население, структура уловов, рыболовство, зарыбление.
The question of the fishery significance of the gustera inhabiting the reservoirs of the Smolensk, Moscow, Ryazan and Kursk regions is considered. The occurrence of gustera in the catches of fixed nets with a mesh pitch of 30–50 mm is shown on the example of small reservoirs in Central Russia. Its share in net catches directly depends on the thermal regime of reservoirs and increases in the direction from north to south, from the Moskvoretsko-Vazuzskaya group of reservoirs to the reservoirs of the Kursk region. The greatest importance of the cluster is in the structure of ichthyocenoses of cooling reservoirs of nuclear power plants and GRES. Depending on the morphological features of reservoirs, the main biotopes of the gustera are the sublittoral zone and the flooded floodplain in the depth range from 2 to 8 m. Using the example of the Mozhaisk reservoir, it is shown that the share of gust in the structure of the fish part of the community has not changed significantly over the fifty-year period of its existence due to the relative stability of the ecosystem of this reservoir and operation in the mode of a drinking reservoir. The highest indicators of the weight growth of gust are characteristic of cooling reservoirs of nuclear power plants and GRES, as well as Kursk reservoirs. Significantly inferior to them is the gaster from the colder-water Vazuz and Moskvoretsky reservoirs. The onset of puberty in the gustera inhabiting the reservoirs of Central Russia, as well as growth, is closely interrelated with the thermal regime of these reservoirs and the duration of the feeding period. In the absence of industrial fishing and a low degree of development of the reserves of gustera by amateur fishermen, in most reservoirs of the group under consideration, a high biomass of this species is observed in the range from 25 to 116 kg/ha. When highly productive benthic fish are introduced, gustera will be their competitor in nutrition and significantly reduce the efficiency of reservoir stocking. It is recommended to suppress the number of gustera by intensifying amateur fishing and mass stocking of reservoirs with predatory fish species.
Поступила в редакцию 16.01.2018 г.В статье представлены результаты кадастрового рыбохозяйственного обследования группы русловых прудов и озер различного происхождения, расположенных в границах отдельных муниципальных районов Московской, Тульской и Рязанской областей в летний период 2017 г. Приводится сравнительная рыбохозяйственная характеристика водоемов по комплексу морфометрических, гидрохимических, гидробиологических и ихтиологических показателей. Рассмотрен вопрос потенциального использования данной группы водных объектов в целях пастбищной аквакультуры по результатам бонитировочной оценки по группе рыбоводных показателей. Ключевые слова: водоемы комплексного назначения, русловые пруды, пойменные озера, пастбищная аквакультура, бонитировочная оценка.
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