There can be no reasonable doubt that a relation exists between the physiological action of a substance and its chemical composition and constitution, understanding by the latter term the mutual relations of the atoms in the substance. There are numerous indications of such a relation, and attempts have been made to express it formally in certain cases. Thus it has been long observed, that the salts of the same base have a common physiological action, and it has been pointed out by Mr Blake that, with some exceptions, the salts of isomorphous bases have a similar action. A corresponding likeness in physiological action may be traced in salts having the same acid, but beyond these generalisations we are not aware that any approach has been made to the statement of a law connecting the physiological action of a substance with its chemical constitution.
IN the following remarks I intend to confine myself to the consideration of those compounds which have not only the same composition per cent., and the same molecular weight, hut also the same constitutional formula. Such compounds may be termed absolutely isomeric. As the constitutional formula of few substances is fully known, this class is of course a small one, or rather there are few substances of which we can certainly say that they belong to this class. The following are the principal pairs of substances which are or have been supposed to be absolutely isomeric, I shall first enumerate them, and then proceed to discuss the nature of their isomerism. 1. The hydrides of the alcohol-radicals, and the so-called alcoholradicals, as hydride of ethyl and methyl gas ; hydride of propyl arid methyl-ethyl. 2. Chloride of ethyl and the product of the action of chlorine on hydride of ethyl. Also the chlorides of other alcohol-radicals arid the mono-chlorinated derivatives from the corresponding h y drides. 3. Chloride of vinyl and chloracetene. 4. Fumaric and maleic acids. 5. Two of the three acids citraconic, itaconic, and mesaconic.
WHEN a monobenzene derivative CsHSX is so treated as t o give a dibenzene derivative C6H4XY, it is well known that, as a rule, this dibenzene derivative is either ( a ) exclusively, or nearly so, a mefa-.compound, or ( b ) a mixture of ortho-and parawith none o r very little 2 u 2
As these constructs seem reflective of important components of teamwork, a "line-of-argument" is proposed that it could be helpful for professionals to view themselves as part of a "team" with support workers.
Atropia is a nitrile base, obtained from Atropa Belladonna. All we know of its constitution is, that by the action of strong acids and bases it is decomposed, in accordance with the equation—So that atropia may be considered as tropia, in which one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by tropyl, the radical of tropic acid.Atropia has a somewhat complicated physiological action, for it directly influences the functions of the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic nervous systems. The principal effects produced by it on the former system are paralysis of the sensory and motor nerves, and excitation of the spinal cord. By its action on the sympathetic nerves, it influences the contraction of the unstriped muscles; but as the mechanism of this action is by no means exactly defined, we shall merely allude to it in our comparison of the actions of the methyl and ethyl derivatives, with those of the alkaloid itself. In addition to these general actions, atropia influences, in a special manner, the functions of the vagi nerves and of the iris, suspending the cardiac inhibitory power of the former, and producing contraction of the latter.
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