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The use of anaerobic membrane bioreactor technology (AnMBR) is rapidly expanding. However, depending on the application, AnMBR design and operation is not fully mature, and needs further research to optimize process efficiency and enhance applicability. This paper reviews state-of-the-art of AnMBR focusing on modelling and control aspects. Quantitative environmental and economic evaluation has demonstrated substantial advantages in application of AnMBR to domestic wastewater treatment, but detailed modelling is less mature. While anaerobic process modelling is generally mature, more work is needed on integrated models which include coupling between membrane performance (including fouling) and the biological process. This should include microbial factors, which are important to generation of specific foulants such as soluble and particulate inert organics. Mature and well-established control tools, including better feedback control strategies are also required for both the process, and for fouling control.

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a b s t r a c tTo favor the control of membrane fouling on line by relaxation and backwash sequencing, two major fouling origins are considered: the former is due to retention of large particles on the membrane surface forming a growing deposit that can be controlled by tangential shear stresses, the second is due to the retention of the largest soluble polymers forming a thin layer on the membrane surface including pore blocking and inducing a progressive reduction of the deposit porosity, the influence of this second fouling origin can only be reduced by backwashing. A simple model was developed to represent (i) the accumulation of two types of compounds and its consequences and the evolution with time of the hydraulic resistance of the system and (ii) the role of relaxation and backwashing to reduce the fouling impact. Some simulations were presented according to the values of the three model parameters. Simulations were also compared to experimental data obtained on biological suspensions.

The HLA-A*31:01 allele, which has a prevalence of 1% in Tunisian population, was significantly associated with DRESS syndrome. It was detected in 57.14% of cases (4/7) and only 4% of controls subjects (1/25). Thus, the carrier frequency of HLA-A*31:01 allele in the cases group was also significantly higher than in the controls group (57, 14% vs 4% P = 0,004). Odds ratio is estimated 32 (OR = 32 [2.6; 389.2]) CONCLUSION: Similarly to other ethnicities, the presence of the HLA-A*31:01 allele was associated with carbamazepine-DRESS syndrome in a sample of North African population. Future study must be conducted on a larger sample in order to confirm these results.