We analyse N-body galaxy merger experiments involving disc galaxies. Mergers of disc-bulge-halo models are compared to those of bulge-less, disc-halo models to quantify the effects of the central bulge on the merger dynamics and on the structure of the remnant. Our models explore galaxy mass ratios 1:1 through 3:1, and use higher bulge mass fraction than previous studies. A full comparison of structural and dynamical properties to observations is carried out. The presence of central bulges results in longer tidal tails, oblate final intrinsic shapes, surface brightness profiles with higher Sersic index, steeper rotation curves, and oblate-rotator internal dynamics. Mergers of bulge-less galaxies do not generate long-lasting tidal tails, and their strong triaxiality seems inconsistent with observations; these remnants show shells, which we do not find in models including central bulges. Giant ellipticals with boxy isophotes and anisotropic dynamics cannot be produced by the mergers modeled here; they could be the result of mergers between lower luminosity ellipticals, themselves plausibly formed in disc-disc mergers.Comment: 21 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Low resolution figure

We have carried out computer simulations to study the effect of merging on the Fundamental Plane (FP) relation. Initially, systems are spherical Jaffe models following a simple scaling relation (M/R 2 e = constant). They have been put on the FP by imposing different M/L values. Various orbital characteristics have been considered. Our results show that the merger remnants lie very close to the FP of the progenitors. Although non-homology is introduced by the merging process, mergers among homologous galaxies leave a pre-existing FP-relation intact. As a side result we find that variations in the point of view lead to non-negligible scatter about the FP.

Objectives: Accidental displacement of endosseous implants into the maxillary sinus is an unusual but potential complication in implantology procedures due to the special features of the posterior aspect of the maxillary bone; there is also a possibility of migration throughout the upper paranasal sinuses and adjacent structures. The aim of this paper is to review the published literature about accidental displacement and migration of dental implants into the maxillary sinus and other adjacent structures. Study Design: A review has been done based on a search in the main on-line medical databases looking for papers about migration of dental implants published in major oral surgery, periodontal, dental implant and ear-nose-throat journals, using the keywords “implant,” “migration,” “complication,” “foreign body” and “sinus.” Results: 24 articles showing displacement or migration to maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, orbit and cranial fossae, with different degrees of associated symptoms, were identified. Techniques found to solve these clinical issues include Cadwell-Luc approach, transoral endoscopy approach via canine fossae and transnasal functional endoscopy surgery. Conclusion: Before removing the foreign body, a correct diagnosis should be done in order to evaluate the functional status of the ostiomeatal complex and the degree of affectation of paranasal sinuses and other involved structures, determining the size and the exact location of the foreign body. After a complete diagnosis, an indicated procedure for every case would be decided. Key words:Implant, oral surgery, foreign body, paranasal sinuses, displacement, migration.

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Aim To describe and synthesize scientific literature on nurse managers’ competencies. Background The key strategy for the success of health organisations currently resides in the capacity of the nurse manager to develop advanced competencies in management. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews that synthesize knowledge about nurse managers’ competencies. Evaluation A scoping review was conducted using electronic databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Key issues After the first analysis, 392 competencies were observed from 76 studies. Finally, 53 competencies were grouped according to their characteristics. The two most‐cited competencies were communication and finance. Conclusions Knowing the competencies required by nurse managers can help organisations create strategies to develop competent managers. In addition, from the results we can infer what might be the core competencies, since 22 main competencies from the total number were identified. Implications for Nursing Management The competencies identified constitute the body of knowledge necessary for nurse managers. In addition, it is possible to generate a pathway for learning and professional development for nurses before they work at the microlevel of management. The starting point for this pathway could be the 22 core competencies.

We report here on a survey of N‐body simulations of encounters between spherical galaxies. Initial systems are isotropic Jaffe models. Different sets of mass ratios, impact parameters and orbital energies are studied. Both merger remnants and systems perturbed after a non‐merging encounter are analysed and compared to real‐life elliptical galaxies. The properties of merger remnants show a large variety. Merger remnants resulting from head‐on encounters are mainly non‐rotating prolate spheroids. Merger remnants from models with Jorb≠ 0 are tri‐axial or mildly oblate spheroids, supported in part by rotation. The velocity distributions are biased towards the radial direction in the prolate case and the tangential direction in the oblate case. Non‐mergers are affected in various ways, depending on the orbital characteristics. We conclude that many of the global properties of real‐life ellipticals can, in principle, be attributed to a merger of spherical progenitors.

Highlights d A framework to assess transformative change with NbS d Ecological and social elements underpin NbS with transformative change potential d NbS can foster transformative change of social-ecological systems d Values, knowledge, community engagement, and nature management underpin NbS