A. P o r t e r , University of Manchester LONDON P rin te d a n d P u b lish e d fo r th e R o y a l S ociety

1-I n t r o d u c t io nIn a previous paper (Callender, H artree and Porter 1936),* three of the present authors have given a theoretical study of the effect of a time-lag on a general class of control systems.I t was supposed th a t some physical quantity (such as temperature), subject to random disturbances, was to be kept as nearly constant as possible by the operation of certain controlling gear, this operation being related in a definite way to the behaviour of the physical quantity to be controlled, and further th a t there was a time-lag between such operation * T his p a p e r (vide R eferences) will be q u o te d as I. on May 12, 2018 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/ Downloaded from

There is burgeoning research on intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences among women globally. However, there is a dearth of research on IPV experiences among marginalized populations in Western countries. Over the past decade, IPV research has shifted from a focus only on physical and sexual violence to include coercive control experiences. These include a continuum of nonviolent behaviors centered on maintaining dominance over one’s partner. However, the empirical literature on examining coercive control among women in prostitution within non-commercial intimate partners is lacking. In this study, we analyzed interviews with 17 women exiting prostitution and examined reported IPV sexual, physical, and coercive control experiences perpetrated by intimate partners. Our findings revealed that participants experienced extensive physical and sexual IPV as well as physical and non-physical coercive control within non-commercial partner relationships. Coercive control was the most frequent type of abuse reported. All nine investigated coercive control tactics were represented within participants’ descriptions. Of these, exploitation (36%), intimidation (16.3%), degradation (12.5%), and deception (10.0%) were the most commonly identified. Understanding and assessing violent actions and control dynamics within non-commercial intimate partner relationships among women exiting prostitution have important implications for various stakeholders within the criminal justice system.