Although the unproductive uplands ('dead lands') in Java are now reafforested or terraced, the crop productivity is still low in particular on volcanic soils. Sources of erosion are briefly discussed. It was concluded that the low productivity of upland farming systems was caused by low inputs and not by surface erosion and a redirection of soil conservation policy, planning and research is required. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Natural forests on Java have been generally cleared and remnants are now confined to mountain areas Although legally protected, these forests are used by local people for products like firewood, timber and fodder Locally, such exploitation is carried out daily by hundreds of people, whose livelihood depends on forest products Using a landscape-guided approach, a 15,500 ha area of montane forest in East Java has been sampled and analysed at the sylvatic mosaic level Vegetation types, sociologic species groups and vegetation structure are described for landscape units The most accessible landscape units have the most degraded forest with basal area values < 15 m2 ha−1 and a canopy closure of < 20% The least accessible units have relatively undisturbed forest with basal area values of > 45 m2 ha−1 and a canopy closure of > 60% Human activities such as tree cutting have altered species composition and modified forest structure to such an extent that large stretches of forest have been replaced by woodland or shrubland Forest degradation is described as a human induced process in which basal area and canopy closure are ultimately reduced, in spite of regrowth Comparison with other forest areas on Java shows that degradation as a result of tree cutting is a widespread phenomenon
The issue of fuel-wood is often presented as problematical within the context of population pressures and poverty. However, the case of Java, noted for its extremely high human population density (830 people/km2) and its rural poverty, shows that agro-forestry-based fuel-wood production can sustainably meet the bulk of the annual demand of 90 million m3. Fuel-wood for household consumption is collected from gardens in or near the village of its use. Industrial users account for 10% of the demand and are supplied mainly by traders, the Javan Forest Service, and tree-crop estate managers.
A forest land evaluation was made in the upper Kali Konto watershed in E. Java (Indonesia). The suitability of 155 Land Mapping Units for each of 13 Land Utilization Types was rated by standard procedures developed for rural land evaluation. A new concept of quantified 'land-use policy option' was introduced, being a theoretical combination of LUTs showing quantitatively, for the area as a whole, the consequences of a particular policy. The options are quantified by further specification of the LUTs in terms of one or more forest management models. The policies themselves comprise not only extremes such as 'conservation', 'population [needs]' or 'financial return' but also 'integrated' policies. In this case it is shown that an integrated land-use pattern could be developed to guarantee conservation of resources while largely meeting the demands of the local population for fuelwood and light timber and also yielding direct monetary benefits. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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