Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in tubers by commercial potato cultivars was assessed at 12 sites around Australia having differing soil and environmental conditions. At all but two sites there were significant differences in tuber Cd concentrations between cultivars. Some major commercial cultivars had tuber Cd concentrations only half that of others. Advanced breeding lines showed further potential to reduce Cd accumulation. Mean tuber Cd concentrations of the 14 most common cultivars, averaged across all sites, ranged from 30 to 50 8g kg-1 fresh weight (FW), below the maximum permitted concentration (MPC) of 50 8g kg-1 of Cd (FW). However, at some sites certain cultivars exceeded the MPC. A modified joint regression analysis of the data indicated that no cultivars have consistently low or consistently high tuber Cd concentrations across a range of environments. While differences between cultivars were significant, the range in Cd concentrations found between sites was generally greater than the range in Cd concentrations between cultivars at any one site. Thus soil and other site factors (e.g. irrigation water quality, climate, etc.) play a dominant role in controlling Cd accumulation by current commercial cultivars and there is a need to breed new cultivars resistant to Cd accumulation under a wide range of environments.
The adhesion of Dilophospora alopecuri conidia from two host species and 35 strains of plant pathogenic corynebacteria to seven populations of seed-gall nematodes, Anguina spp., was investigated. The nematodes included Anguina agrostis from Agrostis capillaris, Anguina funesta from Lolium rigidum, Anguina tritici from Triticum aestivum, Anguina sp. from Stipa scabra ssp. falcata and Anguina sp. from Holcus lanatus. Only corynebacteria that cause gummosis diseases of grasses (Clavibacter iranicum, Clavibacter rathayi, Clavibacter tritici, Clavibacter sp. associated with annual ryegrass toxicity and ''Corynebacterium agropyri'') and mostly known to be associated with an Anguina vector adhered to the nematodes. Adhesion was not restricted to the nematode species normally associated with the particular bacterial strain. The patterns of adhesion observed suggested that a range of different adhesin-receptor interactions may be involved. Both D. alopecuri spore samples adhered to varying degrees to all the nematode populations. The observed adhesion patterns showed some relationship to the taxonomic and geographic groupings of the organisms. The specificity of the associations of these pathogens in vivo seems only in part due to specificity of adhesion to the vector nematodes but may also be influenced by other factors such as the ability to colonize alternate hosts and/or lack of geographical overlap with other potential vectors.
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