The aim of this research was to analyze and compare 17 honey samples, 11 organic and six non-organic Apis mellifera honey. The samples were analyzed concerning moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural, diastase index, water activity, color, total sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose, ash, viscosity, electrical conductivity, pH, acidity, and formol index. With the exception of acidity, reducing sugar and diastase index, the averages of other parameters were different between the two groups. All samples of organic honey presented moisture values between 23.50 and 24.40%. Among the nonorganic honey samples, two presented apparent sucrose amount upper the maximum limit established by the Brazilian Legislation. According to the quantitative analysis of pollen sediments in the honey samples and frequency of pollen types in 17 honey samples, 41.20% were classified as unifloral, and the remainder as polifloral.
The aim of this study was to carry out a survey of the flora with potential for beekeeping in the counties of Ubiratã and Nova Aurora-PR through the collection of plants and pollen analyses in honey samples collected monthly. 208 species of plants were recorded, distributed in 66 families. The families that showed the major richness of pollen types were: Asteraceae, Myrtaceae and Solanaceae. Approximately 80 pollen types were found in honey samples, most of them were characterized as heterofloral. Cultivated plants, such as Glycine max (soybean) and Eucalyptus spp., were representative in some months of the year. Exotic species, such as Ricinus communis and Melia azedarach, were also frequent. However, over than 50% of the pollen types belong to native species of the region, such as Schinus terebinthifolius, Baccharis spp. Alchornea triplinervia, Parapiptadenia rigida, Hexaclamys edulis, Zanthoxylum sp. and Serjania spp., indicating the importance of the native vegetation for the survival of the colonies.
Detection techniques of trace elements have high costs for routine analysis while differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) has low operational costs and few structural requirements. This technique was considered a good alternative for pollen analysis. In the analyses, Zinc, Copper and Lead showed concentrations higher than the threshold established for human daily intake of food; however, Cadmium concentrations did not exceed the limits. The high concentrations found may be explained by the geographical locality of the apiary, which is located near the main road to access the city and a water and sewage treatment plant. In addition, other anthropogenic processes, namely agricultural, industrial and residential activities may have influenced. The technique of voltammetry can be considered a good alternative for pollen routine analysis, providing accuracy at lower costs. The study provides information about the contamination of the matrix of bee pollen.
Physical and chemical characteristics of honey may vary due to the diversity of flora and soil characteristics, or seasonal factors. This study was carried out in two counties, Nova Aurora and Ubiratã, located in the West and Center-West regions of the State of Paraná. The objective of the study was to verify if the physical and chemical parameters of Apis mellifera (L.) honey are in accordance with the national standard, as well as to verify how the 21 samples collected in the two localities are grouped, based on the physical, chemical and pollen characteristics. Honey was analyzed for sugar, ash, protein, moisture, color, electrical conductivity, formaldehyde index, diastase and viscosity. Samples of honey containing the dominant pollen types Glycine max (L.) Merr. and Eucalyptus sp. formed groupings similar to those based on physical and chemical characteristics, however, the multivariate classification of honey samples in groups based on pollen types was not an efficient method to group samples of polyfloral honey.
The population growth of a bee colony depends entirely on the quality and quantity of nectar and pollen sources collected by workers, since honey and pollen, a carbohydrate and a protein source, respectively, are essential for the nutrition of larvae and adults of Apis mellifera (L.) (Zerbo et al., 2001). The composition and quality of food sources as well as other factors that affect the colony growth may vary according to the region and year season (Funari et al., 2003; Marchini et al., 2006). To obtain an adequate food storage and high population growth rate, colonies need to build an optimal food inventory. The climatic conditions and food availability in the region directly affects the productive and reproductive characteristics of bee colonies. Therefore, food storage (honey and pollen), oviposition and occupation of combs are subject to seasonal variations (Modro et al., 2011).
Este ensaio foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (lBA), ácido naftalenacético (NAA), ácido indolilacético (IAA) e ácido succínico-2,2-dimetilhidrazida (SADH) no enraizamento de estacas de plantas jovens de seringueira. As estacas utilizadas foram retiradas da parte inferior das plantas e tiveram suas bases imersas por 1 hora em água, ou em soluções de IBA, NAA, IAA e SADH 2500 ppm. Os resultados obtidos 77 dias após o plantio mostraram que IBA promoveu maior porcentagem de enraizamento com relação ao controle. Porém, em relação ao brotamento das estacas, o tratamento com SADH mostrou-se superior ao controle. Os tratamentos com NAA e IAA revelaram resultados inferiores ao controle em relação ao número de estacas vivas, estacas com calos e estacas com brotações.
Observou-se o efeito de quatro estimulantes vegetais no desenvolvimento de plantas de pepino 'Hibrido Caipira AG-207', em condições de casa de vegetação, tendo a semeadura sido realizada em vasos de cerâmica e as plantas pulverizadas sete dias após a semeadura, com Triacontanol (1-hidroxitriacontano) na dosagem de 0,5 g/l, Ergostim (L-cisteina e ácido fólico + izometilentramina) 2 ml/ l, Atonik (mononitroguaiacol sódico e outros compostos nitrogenados aromáticos) 0,5 ml/l e Agrostemin (alantoina + triptofano +ácido fólico + ácido glutâmico + ácido alantóico + arcialanina + outros aminoácidos) 1,25 g/l. Através dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que nenhum dos estimulantes vegetais estudados promoveu aumento em altura das plantas de pepino, embora tenham mostrado uma tendência em provocar um aumento no peso da matéria seca.
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