Combined pars plana vitrectomy, phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation as well as the two-step procedure are safe and effective. Sequential surgery could be advantageous to minimize the postoperative anterior chamber inflammatory response.

SRT is a safe and effective treatment for active CSC. Especially if the RPE leak is located close to the fovea, SRT is the favoured therapeutic option. We recommend earlier treatment of patients with acute CSC in order to prevent development of chronic changes due to CSC with irreversible anatomical and functional damage. SRT might be considered as a first-line treatment for active CSC.

PDT allows temporary absence of leakage from CNV with preservation of visual acuity. The long-term prognosis of CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration treated with repeated courses of PDT is being evaluated in a phase III trial.

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of autologous retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid sheet transplantation after removal of a subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) in patients with age related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: RPE-choroid sheet transplantation was performed in 10 consecutive patients with exudative AMD (n = 9) or geographic atrophy (n = 1). After CNV extraction, an autologous RPE-choroid patch was translocated from the midperiphery under the macula. Follow-up was between 6 and 12 months. Visual acuity testing and microperimetry (Nidek-MP1) as well as autofluorescence, fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography were performed and the data were analysed retrospectively. Results: Visual acuity (logarithm of minimum angel of resolution) before operation ranged from 0.7 to 1.8 (mean 1.37) and after operation from 0.4 to 1.6 (mean 1.24). Visual acuity after operation improved in seven patients (by a mean of 0.26), remained stable in one patient and decreased in two patients. Microperimetry showed light sensitivity and fixation on the sheet in five cases. ICG angiography demonstrated perfusion through the RPE-choroid graft in nine patients. Postoperative complications included retinal detachment (n = 1) and epiretinal membrane formation (n = 2). The patient with geographic atrophy developed a CNV after surgery. Conclusions: Autologous RPE-choroid sheet transplantation is feasible and a comparatively safe procedure. Microperimetry showed fixation and light perception over the graft with a moderate increase in mean visual acuity.

. Purpose:  This study aimed to investigate the functional results, efficacy and complications after photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection (IVTA) in patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused by age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods:  A retrospective analysis of clinical data for 54 patients with CNV resulting from AMD was carried out. All patients had a follow‐up of 12 months. The patients were treated with standardized PDT and IVTA (4 mg) as a first‐line treatment or following PDT failure. Visual acuity (VA), greatest linear diameter (GLD) of the CNV and foveal thickness were evaluated. Results:  Mean VA at baseline was 0.8 logMAR (0.4–1.4). After 12 months VA improved (> 2 lines) in 20.4% of patients and stabilized (± 2 lines) in 64.8%. There was no statistical significance in VA outcome between patients undergoing first‐line treatment and patients with PDT failure; however, fewer PDT treatments were required to stop CNV activity in patients undergoing first‐line treatment. At 12 months, a reduction in foveal thickness was seen in 67.7% of patients and a reduction in CNV GLD in 32.7%. Complications occurred in 22% of patients and included a transient rise in intraocular pressure, cataract and sterile hypopyon. Conclusions:  Our analysis shows that fewer PDT treatments were required to stop CNV activity when triamcinolone was used as first‐line treatment. We can thus conclude that PDT combines synergistically with IVTA and the combination may lead to a cost reduction compared with PDT therapy alone. The overall complication rate of 22% is high and must be compared with complication rates caused by new intravitreal anti‐VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) drugs in combination with PDT.