Background:Menstruation is a normal physiological process to the females but sometimes it is considered as unclean phenomenon in the society.Objectives:To compare the perceptions of different aspects of menstrual hygiene between adolescent girls of rural and urban area.Materials and Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2013 to September 2013 in urban and rural area of South 24, Paraganas, West Bengal among 541 adolescent school girls in the age group of 13–18 years. Data were collected by the predesigned and pretested questionnaires.Result:Only 37.52% girls were aware of menstruation prior to attainment of menarche. The difference in the awareness regarding menstruation in urban and rural area was highly significant. Only 36% girls in the urban and 54.88% girls in the rural area used homemade sanitary pads and reused the same in the subsequent period. Satisfactory Cleaning of external genitalia was practiced by only 47.63% of the urban and 37.96% of the rural girls. This study found differences in hygienic practices followed by adolescent girls in urban and rural area.Conclusion:Hygienic practices during menstruation were unsatisfactory in the rural area as compared to the urban area. Girls should be educated about the proper hygienic practices as well as bring them out of traditional beliefs, misconceptions, and restrictions regarding menstruation.
In Asian subjects with type 2 diabetes, once-daily liraglutide led to improvement in glycaemic control similar to that with glimepiride but with less frequent major and minor hypoglycaemia. Liraglutide also induced a significant weight loss and reduced SBP and was generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported AE was transient nausea. The effect of liraglutide in this Asian population is comparable to the effects seen in Caucasian, African American and Hispanic populations in global liraglutide phase 3 trials.
It can be concluded that the compliance to anti-diabetic drugs was quite poor among the participants. Increasing age, the male sex, illiteracy, a low monthly income and a longer duration of diabetes were significantly associated with the non compliance. A more concerning fact was the significant association of the non-compliance with the types of drug regimens and a lack of knowledge on the complications of diabetes, which emphasized the role of a repeated patient education regarding the basic aspects of diabetes.
We assessed the safety of insulin lispro in gestational, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, analysing 635 pregnancies over a period of 7 years. We also evaluated patient satisfaction, sending an internationally-accepted anonymous diabetes treatment satisfaction questionnaire to 22 patients (three type 1, 19 gestational diabetes) who received regular and lispro insulin in successive pregnancies. The success rate of pregnancies in women with gestational diabetes managed with diet alone (n=325) was 99.3%. All 213 pregnancies in women with gestational diabetes requiring insulin were successful. There was no difference in maternal or fetal outcomes whether patients used regular insulin (n=138) or insulin lispro (n=75), but pre-delivery HbA1c was lower with insulin lispro (p<0.05). Pregnancy loss in patients with pre-gestational diabetes (89 pregnancies in type 1 and eight in type 2 diabetes) was 18.6% for insulin and 3.7% for insulin lispro (p=0.10). The incidences of congenital anomalies with regular insulin were 7.9% and 15.8% in gestational and pre-gestational diabetes, respectively; the figures for insulin lispro were 6.6% (p=0.79) and 3.8% ( p=0.16), respectively. Nineteen of the 22 surveyed patients completed the questionnaire. Satisfaction was higher with insulin lispro (26.3+/-2.3 vs. 18+/-8.9, p=0.0005). We found no increase in adverse outcome using lispro insulin in diabetic pregnancies, in either gestational or pre-gestational diabetes. Patient satisfaction favoured insulin lispro. Several patients with type 1 diabetes who used regular insulin during pregnancy, chose lispro after delivery, but all who used lispro in pregnancy preferred to continue.
The considerable gap between knowledge and practice of standard precautions and inadequate knowledge of post-exposure prophylaxis emphasizes the need for continuous onsite training of interns with supportive supervision and monitoring of their activities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.