Foetal diagnosis of TOF and PA-VSD has a major impact on pregnancy outcome, as associated anomalies are frequently found. Pre-natally determined size of PA branches and presence of MPA are good predictors of complete repair in the first year of life.

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Interruption of patent ductus can be safely performed by video-assisted technique with minimal morbidity and no mortality. It can be performed in all age group with minimal hospital stay.

Robotically assisted closure of a patent ductus arteriosus is comparable with closure by means of the videothoracoscopic technique. However, it requires a longer operative time because of the increment in complexity.

TDM is required because VRZ levels are often undetectable in treated CF lung transplant patients, supporting the use of antifungal drug combinations until achievement of VRZ C0 at a steady state between 1 and 2 mg/L. Plasma VRZ concentrations should be determined for the quantitative, individualized management of drug-drug interactions in lung transplant patients, in particular immunosuppressant such as tacrolimus, considering VRZ to be both a target and an inhibitor of CYP3A4.

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