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Pristine TiO 2 and Sn-doped TiO 2 thin films with different Sn doping levels (2, 4, 6 and 8 at.%) were deposited by employing a simplified spray pyrolysis technique. The XRD pattern of the films confirmed tetragonal structure with the polycrystalline nature. The films exhibited a pure anatase titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) with a strong orientation along (101) plane. The scanning electron microscopy image of 6 at.% Sn-doped TiO 2 thin film depicted nanosized grains with porous nature. The atomic force microscopy study had shown the columnar arrangement of grains with the increase in particle size and surface roughness for 6 at.% Sn-doped TiO 2 thin films. The optical transmittance was increased with the decrease in the optical energy band gap. The optical constants such as extinction coefficient and refractive index were determined. The intensity of the photoluminescence emission was observed at 398 nm for doped films. The resistivity decreased with the increasing carrier concentration and Hall mobility. The incorporation of Sn into TiO 2 matrix yielded a well-pronounced antibacterial activity for Bacillus subtilis.

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In this work, highly oriented pure and tindoped titanium dioxide (Sn-doped TiO 2 ) with porous nature photoelectrodes were deposited on ITO glass plates using spray pyrolysis technique. The XRD pattern revealed the formation of anatase TiO 2 with the maximum intensity of (101) plane while doping 6 at.% of Sn. The morphological studies depicted the porous nature with the uniform arrangement of small-sized grains. The presence of tin confirmed with the EDX spectra. The size of particles of 13 nm was observed from high resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. The average transmittance was about 85 % for the doped photoelectrode and was observed for the photoelectrode deposited with 6 at.% of tin with decrease in the energy band gap. The PL study showed the emission peak at 391 nm. The maximum carrier concentration and Hall mobility was observed for the photoelectrode deposited with 6 at.% of tin. With these studies, the DSSCs were prepared separately with the dye extracted from Hibiscus rosasinesis and Hibiscus surattensis and their efficiency was maximum for the DSSC prepared with 6 at.% of tin.