In economics, it is well recognized that resources involved in the production process are limited in supply and the scare resources should be efficiently used without wasting. Efficient utilization depends on managerial ability of entrepreneurs-farmers, firm, etc. Available literature suggests that farmers in the developing countries fail to exploit the full potential of a technology and make allocative errors. Thus, increasing the efficiency in production assumes greater significance in attaining potential output at the farm level. However it is an undeniable fact that the majority of dry zone paddy farmers are characterized by poor economic status due to inefficient utilization of available resources. This paper investigates the economic and technical efficiency of paddy farming in a minor irrigation scheme in Sri Lanka and to suggest some policy recommendation for improving the efficiency of resource use.The experiment sites were four minor tanks in Tricomalee district and respective tanks were randomly selected based on the list of the village tank in same district. The empirical study was carried based on a sample of 158 farmers in selected tanks. In this study, the technical efficiency of paddy farmers was estimated by using stochastic frontier production function, incorporating technical efficiency effect model. The Cobb Douglas production function was found to be an adequate representation of the data.According to the results obtained from the stochastic frontier estimation, the average technical efficiency of selected farmers given by the Cobb Douglas model is 69.08 per cent. This indicates that there is scope of farther increasing the output by 30.2 percent without increasing the level of input. With imputed cost profit margin of paddy farming under village tanks was Rs.0.27 per kg and Break even yield was 3,505 kg per ha.The analysis using the Cobb-Douglas function indicated miss-allocation of resources in most of the location in the sample area due to managerial inability of farmers.
It is generally agreed that inefficient use of irrigation-water and poor performance of irrigation systems are critical issues; especially in the light of the apparent lack of water resources. This study attempts to determine the economic value of irrigation-water in a government properly managed irrigation project (GPMIP) by eliciting farmer's willingness to pay (WTP) using contingent valuation method followed by single bounded dichotomous choices. A stepwise backward binary multivariate logistic regression model was used to measure WTP and to determine the factors that influence the variation in WTP. Primary data were obtained from 367 farmer households in Nagadeepa irrigation schemes in dry zone. The estimated value of irrigation water was Rs. 5,275 ($40) per hectare per season which is 8.6 percent of net income in paddy farming per hectare at present in selected irrigation scheme. Further, if farmers can increase further their household farming income by 5.9%, it is possible to cover additional cost which would be driven due to pricing irrigation water and it is not an unreachable challenge with proper irrigation services. One of the most important policy implications of this study is the possibility of restructuring the existing irrigation pricing system by taking into account the economic value of irrigation water. Such policy reform can encourage farmers to use irrigation resources efficiently by motivating improvement in water management practices and generating revenue for operation, maintenance and capital replacement and irrigation sustainability in the country.
Fast moving consumer goods sector is one of the expanding industries that influences on the green marketing issues. This study seeks to understand how the impact of green packaging on consumer purchasing intention among millennial generation in Gampaha District. The main objective is "to identify the factors that mostly influence on millennial consumer's green packaging purchase intention". According to comprehensive literature review, the researcher identified 4 variables of purchase intention namely; Product Characteristics, Environmental Concern, Government Role and Demographic Factors. Further, researcher was able to recognize the most enhancing components for some independent variables. Then, examined the hypothesis by using PLS-SEM except the Demographic Factors. Therefore, Education, Income and Gender under demographic variables tested chi-square test, Pearson correlation and significances by using SPSS. The researcher distributed questionnaires randomly to selected sample of 200 respondents selected under the multi stage sampling method according to a proportion within the 8 GN Divisions out of 37 in Kelaniya DS Division in Gampaha District who age between 18 -35 years. All examined variables determined positive relationship with Purchasing Intention except Gender. However, the outcomes represented that no significant effect of Government Role, Environmental Concern, Income, Gender and Investment of Government under the Government Role but other mentioned variables recorded 95% significant on Purchasing Intention. The study identified that younger generation has an awareness and knowledge about ecological behavior. The implications of this study formed awareness into buying intention towards ecological packaging which can be used by FMCG businesses in Sri Lanka when deigning product packages.
Many researchers have depicted that most of the up-country vegetable growers have failed to capture technical efficiency due to poor managerial ability of economic resources. It is an undeniable fact that the majority of up-country vegetable farmers are characterized by poor socio-economic status. This paper investigates the resource use characteristics, profitability and technical efficiency of vegetable farming in a sample of vegetable farmers selected from 12 Grama Niladhary divisions in Nuwaraeliya District. The experiment sites were randomly selected based on a list of the Grama Niladhary divisions in Nuwaraeliya secretariat division and the empirical study was carried out based on a sample of 243 small scale vegetable farmers. This paper uses both parametric and non-parametric approaches to estimate technical efficiencies of vegetable farming at production and marketing stages under rain-fed condition in the up-country of Sri Lanka. The parametric approach was adopted under stochastic frontier production function with Cobb-Douglas form. The non-parametric approach in this paper was based on the data envelopment analysis technique in order to estimate technical efficiency of vegetable farming. Both parametric and non-parametric approaches have shown that the average technical efficiency estimates were not at potential level, and there is ample room for increased productivity through improving technical efficiency of vegetable farming. Under parametric approach, the average technical efficiency estimates at production stage and marketing stage were, 74.62% and 67.04%. Under non-parametric approach, the average technical efficiency was 70.86% and 62.84% at production and marketing stages, respectively. To examine consistency of the estimates from two approaches under different specifications, researcher applied independent sample t test, and the results show that the parametric and non-parametric approaches provide different estimates due to measurement and specification errors.
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