Alzheimer is characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in cortical regions of the brain. The experimental data is taken from Gene Expression Omnibus. A hierarchical Cluster analysis and TreeView were performed to group genes on the basis of the expression pattern. The dynamic change of expression over time and diverse patterns of expression support the concept of a complex local milieu. TreeView allows the organized data to be visualized. List of 24 genes were obtained which showed high expression levels. Three genes, SORL1, APP, and APOE, are suspected to cause Alzheimer's whereas the other 21 genes are related to other diseases but may also be found to be associated with Alzheimer's, and these are TMEM59, CCT4, IGF2R, SFPQ, PRDX3, RNF14, IDS, SSBP1, SYNE2, TXNL4A, STXBP3, SMARCB1, ULK2, AGTPBP1, FABP7, CALB1, H2AFY, COPA, SAP18, ATIC and SYNCRIP.

Objective:To study the prevalence, clinical features, electrophysiological features, and severity of peripheral neuropathy in predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with respect to severity of renal failure and presence of diabetes mellitus.Materials and Methods:Between May 2015 and December 2016, 200 predialysis CKD patients were assessed prospectively.Results:The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in predialysis CKD patients in the present study was 45% based on clinical symptoms and 90% electrophysiologically. Mean age of 200 predialysis CKD patients who participated in the study was 53.2 ± 13.2 years. One hundred and thirty-six (68%) patients were male and 64 (32%) patients were female. Mean duration of disease was 2.2 ± 1.6 years. Nearly 45% patients of patients had asymptomatic peripheral neuropathy in the present study, which was more common in mild-to-moderate renal failure group. One hundred twenty-six patients (63%) had definite damage and 54 patients (27%) had early damage. In mild-to-moderate renal failure (n = 100) and severe renal failure patients (n = 100), 88% and 92% had significant peripheral neuropathy, respectively. Most common nerves involved were sural nerve, median sensory nerve, and ulnar sensory nerve. Diabetic patients (97%) showed more severe and high prevalence of peripheral neuropathy when compared to nondiabetic patients (83%). Most common patterns were pure axonal sensorimotor neuropathy and mixed sensorimotor neuropathy.Conclusion:Peripheral neuropathy is common in predialysis patients, prevalence and severity of which increases as renal failure worsens. Predialysis patients with diabetes show higher prevalence and severity of peripheral neuropathy when compared with nondiabetics.

Background: Butyrylcholinesterase is an enzyme that may serve as a marker of metabolic syndrome. We (a) measured its level in persons with diabetes mellitus, (b) constructed a family tree of the enzyme using nucleotide sequences downloaded from NCBI. Butyrylcholinesterase was estimated colorimetrically using a commercially available kit (Randox Lab, UK). Phylogenetic trees were constructed by distance method (Fitch and Margoliash method) and by maximum parsimony method.Results: There was a negative correlation between serum total cholesterol and butyrylcholinesterase (-0.407; p < 0.05) and between serum LDL cholesterol and butyrylcholinesterase (-0.435; p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation among the other biochemical parameters. In the evolutionary tree construction both methods gave similar trees, except for an inversion in the position of Sus scrofa (M62778) and Oryctolagus cuniculus (M62779) between Fitch and Margoliash, and maximum parsimony methods. Conclusion:The level of butyrylcholinesterase enzyme was inversely related to serum cholesterol; dendrogram showed that the structures from evolutionarily close species were placed near each other.

Objective:The objective of this study is to study the quality of sleep, sleep disorders, and polysomnographic profile in Parkinsonism patients from rural areas and to correlate polysomnographic profile with the staging of disease and with sleep questionnaire.Materials and Methods:Between May 2014 and December 2015, 168 Parkinsonism patients were prospectively screened using sleep questionnaire; Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Parkinson Disease Sleep Score-2 (PDSS-2). Sixty patients underwent overnight polysomnography subsequently.Results:The mean age of 168 patients in the study was 65.3 ± 12.8 years. The mean duration of Parkinsonism was 4.6 ± 3.1 years. The mean ESS, PSQI and PDSS-2 were 12.4 ± 3.2, 7.9 ± 2.1 and 44.7 ± 5.8, respectively. A total of 148 patients (88.1%) had poor quality sleep, which was reported only in 37 patients (22%). Excessive daytime sleepiness (80%) and insomnia (76.7%) were most common symptoms. Polysomnographic profile showed poor sleep efficiency (median interquartile range [IQR] 74.8% [17.8%–99.5%]), reduced slow wave sleep (median [IQR] 0% [0%–9.5%]), and reduced rapid eye movement [REM] sleep (median (IQR) 4.9% [0.1%–24.2%]). Sleep disorders in the study were sleep fragmentation (n = 60, 100%), obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (n = 40, 66.7%), central sleep apnea syndrome (n = 6, 10%), and periodic limb movement disorder (n = 52, 86.7%). Two patients had REM sleep behavioral disorder clinically. There was statistically significant positive correlation between staging of disease, sleep latencies, and sleep questionnaire.Conclusion:Sleep is impaired in majority of Parkinsonism patients which needs to be diagnosed early and managed effectively. Patient education and awareness programs in rural areas regarding sleep disorders in Parkinsonism are required for early diagnosis.

During the field work to control oral cancer, difficulty in communication was encountered with illiterates. A study to define the role of illiteracy, ignorance and willingness to quit smoking among the villagers was undertaken in a rural area surrounding Doddipatla Village, A.P., India. Out of a total population of 3,550, 272 (7.7%) persons, mostly in the age range of 21–50 years, attended a cancer detection camp. There were 173 (63.6%) females and 99 (36.4%) males, among whom 66 (M53 + F13) were smokers; 36.4% of males and 63% of females were illiterate. Among the illiterates, it was observed that smoking rate was high (56%) and 47.7% were ignorant of health effects of smoking. The attitude of illiterate smokers was encouraging, as 83.6% were willing to quit smoking. Further research is necessary to design health education material for 413.5 million illiterates living in India (1991 Indian Census). A community health worker, trained in the use of mass media coupled with a person‐to‐person approach, may help the smoker to quit smoking.

A survey of 599 college students was conducted in Andhra Pradesh, India, to formulate an anti‐smoking policy for youth. There were 64.6% boys and 35.4% girls between 15 and 22 years, and 8.2% of students (n = 49, 48M + 1F) were smokers. It is a taboo for girls to smoke. There is no current anti‐smoking policy and one is proposed based on the smoking survey results. The policy includes parental pressure to curb smoking, and a ban on (1) advertising of tobacco products, (2) smoking in public places and (3) teachers smoking in school. An increase in the price of cigarettes was approved by a majority of the students. The survey revealed a gap in the knowledge of students about the ill effects of smoking, which can be rectified by health education programs.

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