Compositional dependences of the optical and physical properties of as-deposited amorphous SbxGe25−xSe75 films (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 at%), prepared by thermal evaporation, have been studied. The refractive index, n, and film thickness, d, have been determined from the upper and lower envelopes of the transmission spectra, measured at normal incidence, in the spectral range from 400 to 2500 nm. An optical characterization method for uniform films based on Swanepoel's ideas has been employed, and it has allowed us to determine the average thickness, , and the refractive index, n, of the films, with accuracies better than 1%. It has been found that the refractive index of the SbxGe25−xSe7 samples increases with increasing x, over the entire spectral range, which is related to the increased polarizability of the larger Sb atomic radius 1.38 Å compared with the Ge atomic radius 1.22 Å. The dispersion parameters such as E0 (single-oscillator energy) and Ed (dispersive energy) were discussed in terms of the single-oscillator Wemple–DiDomenico model. The absorption coefficient, α, and therefore the extinction coefficient, k, have been determined from the transmittance and reflectance spectra in the strong absorption region. The optical energy gap is derived from Tauc's extrapolation and a decrease in with increasing Se content. Finally, in terms of the chemical bond approach, cohesive energy has been applied to interpret the decrease in the glass optical gap with increasing Sb content in SbxGe25−xSe75.

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Background: Preterm Labour is characterized as the occurrence of uterine contractions of sufficient frequency and intensity to affect the cervix's progressive effacement and dilation before to term gestation. Aim of the study: Comparison of vaginal and intramuscular progesterone to prevent premature labor in women with a history of spontaneous preterm labor recurrence. Patients and Methods: From April to November 2020, Al-Hussein Hospital, Al-Azhar University, conducted a comparative clinical trial study. In this research, one hundred (100) pregnant women have been selected and divided into 3 groups (vaginal progesterone group (A), intramuscular progesterone group (B), and control group (C)) with a history of prior spontaneous premature labor. Results: Statistically significant differences were found among the progesterone groups and the control group with respect to NICU admissions, with a higher percentage of NICU admission among the control group (63.3%) compared to the progesterone groups (25.2%). There were also statistically significant differences among the vaginal progesterone group & the intramuscular progesterone group as regards NICU admission with higher percentage of NICU admission among the intramuscular progesterone group (40%) compared to the vaginal progesterone group (11.4%). Conclusion:In ladies who have had repeated spontaneous preterm labor, progesterone used prophylactically decreases the rate of premature labor, lowers the frequency of uterine contractions, and enhances the symptoms of preterm labor. In women at risk for PTL, vaginally administered progesterone was almost as effective as intramuscular progesterone in preventing PTL, with the vaginal route having a superior impact..

Background: poor response can be broadly defined as unsatisfactory ovarian response despite adequate ovarian stimulation. Aim of the work: : T o compare the short agonist and flexible antagonist protocols in the management of poor responders to standerd long down regulation protocol. Design: Randomized prospective comparative study. Setting: private IVF center (Engab). Patients and methods: One hundred poor-responder (IVF) (ICSI), who responded poorly to the standerd long down-regulation protocol in their first treatment cycle. Intervention(s): Peak serum E2 was assayed on the day of hCG administration. Main O utcome Measure(s): primary outcome: number of gonadotropins ampoules used, peak E2 at the triggering day, number of oocytes retrieved, number of metaphase II oocytes, fertilization rate, embryo quality and number of embryos transferred.cycle cancellation. Secondary Outcome: pregnancy rate , miscarriage rate. Results: GnRH-antagonist protocol shows increasednon significantpregnancy rate and decreased-non significant-miscarriage rate than agonist short protocol, however agonist short protocol appears to be more effective than the GnRH-antagonist protocol in terms of number of gonadotropins ampules, peak E2 level, fertilization rate, and top-quality embryos transferred in poor-responder. Conclusion: T he probability of pregnancy might be better with the use of the antagonist protocol, also flexible antagonist protocol is a simpler and more patient friendly method of ovarian stimulation compared with the short agonist protocol.