Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) is defined as an injury to any nerve root of the brachial plexus during difficult delivery. BPBP is relatively rare; its incidence has remained constant over the last few decades, mostly due to unpredictable risk factors, such as shoulder dystocia. Both diagnosis and assessment of spontaneous recovery is based on clinical examination. Electromyography is difficult to interpret in the newborn and is therefore not meaningful. MRI of the cervical spine requires sedation or general anesthesia. Searching for a pre-ganglion tear prior to surgery is indicted. Prognosis depends on the level of the injury (pre- or post-ganglion), size and severity of the post-ganglion tears, speed of recovery, and quality of initial management. Although spontaneous recovery is frequent, some children suffer various degrees of sequelae, up to complete loss of function of the affected upper limb. Recent publications have improved general knowledge and indications for surgery. However, some aspects, such as indication and timing of nerve repair continue to be debated.

No other study having evaluated discoid meniscus surgery with postoperative MRI has been reported and few studies have been published on saucerization associated with repair. This approach spares the meniscus, as confirmed by MRI, with the size of the residual meniscus within the guidelines. We obtained good clinical and anatomic results, with good healing of the meniscus and satisfactory measurements.

Calcaneonavicular coalition is a common source of pain and more or less severe flat and stiff foot in children. Classically, treatment consists in resecting the coalition using a dorsolateral approach. Good quality resection and interposition can prevent recurrence. The most common complications are infection, hematoma and neuroma. Arthroscopy offers a minimally invasive alternative, but the optimal approach remains undetermined. We describe a surgical technique with an approach based on the anterolateral process of the calcaneus, in three cases with 12 months' follow-up. Arthroscopic resection has certain advantages: recovery is quicker, and the esthetic result is better. For the instrumental portal, skin incision should be superficial, followed by blunt dissection of subcutaneous tissue to avoid superficial peroneal nerve injury. Although longer term follow-up is needed, arthroscopy seems to be an attractive minimally invasive technique in this kind of pathology.

Internal rotation contracture of the shoulder in brachial plexus birth palsy frequently leads to shoulder dysplasia. Six children underwent anterior arthroscopic release sparing the subscapularis. Clinical examination and MRI were performed preoperatively and repeated at the 5-year follow-up. MRI was carried out for assessment of glenohumeral dysplasia. Passive external rotation was improved by 63.3° without any limitation of active internal rotation. Active antepulsion/abduction was improved by 90°. Remodeling of the glenoid and improved coverage of the humeral head were observed in all cases. Shoulder arthroscopic release sparing the subscapularis seems to be an efficient procedure to restore external rotation without affecting active internal rotation.

INTRODUCTIONUrolithiasis represents a major problem met within urological practice.1 it affects 10-12% of the populations, the incidence of calculus diseases is quite variable in relation to age, sex, occupation, geographical locations, season, climate, social class, dietary fluid intake and racial differences are also noted (black people appears to suffer less frequently than white). 2,3 Urinary calculi are the third most common affliction of the urinary tract, exceeded only by UTI and pathological conditions of prostate. 3Renal and ureteral calculi account for more than 87% of the total calculi and 10% in the urinary bladder while ureteral calculi account for about 1.7-3% of all urinary calculi. 5-7Male urethra about 20 cm in length and extends from the neck of the bladder to the external meatus on the glans penis, Male urethra is divided into posterior and anterior urethra, posterior urethra is further divided into 3 parts:• Preprostatic portion; measure up to 1 cm in length and it runs from the bladder neck to the prostate ABSTRACT Background: To evaluate the presentation, management and outcome of patient with urethral calculi in addition to determine the most common type of calculi encountered in those patients and the chemical composition of those calculi to prevent their recurrence. Methods: Sixty-nine patients with urethral calculi, 63 males and six females were included in this study at AlYarmouk teaching hospital, Bagdad, Iraq from April 2016 to April 2017. The diagnosis of urethral calculi was based mainly on the clinical presentation and cystoscopy evaluation in addition to the history, examination and investigations.Results: All together Sixty-nine patients were recruited in this study [63 male (91.3%) and 6 females (8.6%)], regarding sex distributions of patients the largest number of patients with urethral calculi were found in male between 21-40 years old, the most common presenting symptom was dysuria (60.8%), the presentation of pediatric urethral calculi was different (any suspicion of urethral mass on palpation gave high index of suspicion of urethral calculi). Conclusions: Nephrolithiasis especially renal calculi represent a widespread problem, recurrent UTI is one of the leading risk factor in urinary calculi and should be vigorously treated and any case should be in investigated carefully and chemically analysed to prevent further attacks and recurrence in future. Unbalanced diet with poor hygiene especially for the urethral calculi plays an additional role in the pathogenesis of urethra calculi.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a minimally invasive subscapularis-preserving arthroscopic release of capsule in the treatment of internal rotation contracture of the shoulder due to Erb's palsy. We performed our procedure (subscapularis-preserving arthroscopic release of capsule) in 10 paediatric shoulders with an average age of 20.2 months and followed them for an average period of 41.5 months. All the patients were assessed clinically and radiologically preoperatively and postoperatively at regular intervals. The Mallet scoring system was used for analysing the results. The average gain in passive external rotation was 50°. The active internal rotation was preserved in all the cases. With the mid-term follow-up, there was no loss of the gained external rotation or the recurrence of internal rotation contracture of the shoulder. Our hypothesis has achieved its goal in preserving subscapularis, active internal rotation and treatment of internal rotation contracture of the shoulder. The success of this procedure lies in the early identification of starting of internal rotation contracture and early surgical intervention to prevent progressive permanent glenohumeral osseocartilaginous deformity.

Fourteen wrists in 11 girls, mean age 13.3 years (range 9-16) at surgery, were treated for Madelung's deformity. The presenting complaint was incapacitating pain. All were treated by radial closing wedge osteotomy and ulnar shortening osteotomy. The dorsal retinaculum was also surgically repaired in six cases. At a mean followup of 5.1 years (range 4-8.75), we observed improved range of motion in both flexion/extension and pronation/ supination and absence of pain during daily activity. Radiographically, positioning of the distal radial articular surface and lunate subsidence were improved. Union was obtained after all osteotomies without secondary procedures. Posterior displacement of the ulnar head persisted in two wrists. Combined radioulnar osteotomy restored the anatomy to as near normal as possible. This technique provides satisfactory and encouraging results and does not compromise the surgical future of the wrist. However, longer follow-up is required to assess recurrence or possible long-term degenerative consequences.Resumé Quatorze poignets chez 11 filles d'âge moyen 13,3 ans (9-16) à la chirurgie, ont été traités pour une déformation de Madelung. La douleur était la plainte principale. Tous les patients ont bénéficié d'une ostéotomie cunéiforme radiale de fermeture associée à un raccourcissement de l'ulna. Une plastie du retinaculum dorsal a été associée dans 6 cas. Au recul moyen de 5,1 ans (4-8,75), nous avons observé une amélioration des amplitudes articulaires aussi bien en flexion/extension qu'en pronation/supination avec absence de douleur lors des activités quotidiennes. Radiographiquement, l'orientation de la glène radiale ainsi que la subsidence du lunatum ont été améliorées. Toutes les ostéotomies ont consolidé en première intention dans des délais normaux. Un déplace-ment postérieur de la tête ulnaire persistait dans 2 cas. L'ostéotomie combinée radio-ulnaire permet de restaurer une anatomie le plus proche de la normale. Cette technique offre des resultants satisfaisants et encourageants et ne compromet pas le devenir chirurgical de ces poignets. Cependant, des études avec un plus long recul sont nécessaires afin de rechercher d'éventuelles récidives ou de possibles conséquences dégénératives à plus long terme.

‘Memory of the World’ is a new UNESCO Programme to safeguard endangered documentary heritage, democratize access to it, increase awareness of its significance and distribute, on a large scale, information products derived from it. It represents an innovative approach designed to complement the Organization’s traditional activities in the field of preservation and conservation of archive and library holdings. The author is on the staff of UNESCO’s General Information Programme and is responsible for co‐ordinating the ‘Memory of the World’ Programme.