Nonwoven material made of polypropylene with a 3-3.5 m fi bre diameter manufactured at the Synthetic Fibre Scientifi c-Research Institute (VNIISV) experimental plant can be used as the inner layer of long-acting protective-fi ltering clothing. Technology must be developed for manufacturing aerodynamically spun fi bre materials (ASFM) with fi ner fi bres (0.5-2.5 m) by further modernizing of the equipment to ensure the higher sorption capacity of ASFM close to the initial capacity of activated carbon.Sorption-active materials in the form of fi bres, fabrics, and nonwovens are frequently used to create protective and survival agents, together with granulated and powdered sorbents. Activated carbon chemisorption fi bres and fi bres with adsorption and chemisorption properties, fabricated by incorporating active sorbents by bonding them on the surface of the fi bres and fabrics with binders are the basic types of sorption-active fi bres manufactured in the RF and many foreign countries.The abundance of methods of manufacturing such fi bres and materials, together with a positive aspect -the possibility of a wide choice of sorption characteristics -complicates industrial implementation of these processes. This is primarily due to the fact that the use of different polymers and modifi ers causes signifi cant differences in the course of creating technologies and developing equipment.Aerodynamic spinning from a polypropylene melt is the most promising method of fabricating "spunbond" nonwovens, since it makes it possible to fabricate sorption-active materials by the shortest route from initial feedstock to fi nal product on one manufacturing line and with a broad set of different properties. The sorption-active materials obtained with this technology can have a comparable specifi c surface area to the specifi c surface area of Petryanov fi lters.Spunbond materials are now very much in demand on foreign and domestic markets [1]. The demand for them began to increase markedly in the 1990s. By 2004, 23,000 tons was manufactured in Russia [1]. The spectrum of application of spunbond materials is very broad: fi lters, geotextiles, separators for storage batteries, medicinal and sanitary-hygienic articles, heat-and sound-insulation, etc. [2].In Russia, the demand for spunbond materials is satisfi ed to a great degree by imports. In 2005, the following picture was observed on the Russian market: 2,472,000 tons of polypropylene (PP) spunbond was manufactured, 422 tons was exported, 19,107 tons was imported, and 21,157 tons was consumed [2]. These data demonstrate the disproportion between domestic production and consumption of these nonwovens and the dependence on foreign supplies.The fundamental roadblock in the development of domestic production of nonwovens is the lack of domestic development of high-performance equipment [1]. This problem is usually solved by three methods: franchising, licensing, ____________ FGUP NIISV: 170032, Tver', Moskovskoe Shosse, 157. 2
The spinnability of fi lled spinning compositions with different dispersion of the fi ller was investigated. The effect of the dispersion of the fi ller on the performance characteristics of carbon-fi lled fi bre materials was assessed.Fibre materials obtained from fi lled spinning compositions by aerodynamic spinning are a variety of polymer composite materials. The nonwovens obtained not only have high fi ltration but also, as a function of the active solid fi ller incorporated, ion-exchange, adsorption, catalytic, and other special properties. A high fi ller content -up to 70% of the total weight of the material -is a special feature of these materials. Finely disperse particles of fi ller are strongly attached in the structure of the polymer fi bres, do not fall out, are not washed out, and do not disintegrate when the material is used. At the same time, these particles are freely in contact with the working medium surrounding the fi bre due to the highly porous structure of the polymer matrix.Aerodynamic solution spinning involves uniaxial stretching of the jet of polymer solution by a compressed air current coming out of a ring-shaped nozzle surrounding a capillary [1]. In moving away from the section of the capillary, the jet is spun into a fi bre, the air fl ow rate decreases, and the jet stretching zone passes into the free fi bre transfer zone. The fi nely sprayed spinning bath enters this zone. The partially precipitated fi bre is collected on a mesh support where the structure of the nonwoven web is formed by uniform distribution of the fi bres in the area of the support, gluing of the individual fi bres in their cross-shaped formation, and subsequent mass exchange with the spinning bath. The fi nished product is obtained after completion of the process operations of additional washing and drying of the material.To give the fi bre materials sorption properties, active carbons are used as the fi ller. Active carbons AG, SKT, BAU, etc., have been the most widely used. Carbon-fi lled fi bre materials (CFM) have been widely used in fabrication of agents for protecting the respiratory organs and skin from harmful environmental exposure in various ecological pathologies. The practice of using CFM in this manner imposes heightened requirements on the physicomechanical and sorption properties of these materials.The problem of increasing the sorption capacity can be solved in different ways: fi rst, by increasing the content of the sorption-active solid fi ller (carbon); second, by using industrial activated carbon, which has higher sorption due to its developed pore microstructure.In both cases, a highly porous structure of the fi bres in the polymer matrix is a necessary condition, as it ensures free and rapid access of the gaseous adsorbate to the micropores of the carbon particles. As a function of the process parameters in ____________ SRISF with Experimental Factory: 170032, Tver', Moskovskoe Shosse, 157.Scientifi c-Research Institute of Synthetic Fibres with Experimental Factory, Tver'.
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