Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple . For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method .In apple, the acidity -decreasing with time -of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit ; sugar -increasing with time -not before the fruit was picking ripe . Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed ; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage . The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable . On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents . Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene . The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection .
The length of the juvenile period was found to be associated with the degree of juvenility (degree to which seedlings show juvenile symptoms) and with the time leaf buds break in spring . The time of bud break was also related to time of flowering ; bud break and juvenility were not interrelated . The observations suggest that preselection on the basis of a low degree of juvenility and early bud break together would substantially increase the proportion of early-bearing and, to a smaller extent, that of early-flowering seedlings in the selected material . The shift towards earlier flowering was not accompanied by an advance of the date at which flowering ended, at least when the selection limit is based on the progeny mean .The degree of leaf fall (colour) during autumn appeared to be closely related to the time the fruits become picking ripe ; no significant relation existed between this parameter and juvenility or bud break . The degree or time of leaf fall (colour) is a possible pre-selection criterion of the time of picking .
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